Shaking Table Test of Electromagnetic Multiple Tuned Mass Dampers for Structural Control and Energy Harvesting

隨著建築技術的發達，全球高層建築林立，結構物在外力作用下產生振動，衍生舒適性與安全性的問題。調諧質量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper,TMD)，如台北101大樓的所安裝的單擺式TMD，即是應用TMD減振最知名的案例之一。不過，傳統TMD利用黏滯阻尼器作為消能裝置，並將大樓傳遞到質量塊的振動能量以廢熱型式逸散，十分可惜。除此之外，單顆TMD的減振效果易受離頻效應(Detuning Effect)的影響，本文提出電磁式多元調諧質量阻尼器(Electromagnetic Multiple Tuned Mass Dampers,EM-MTMD)，透過直流馬達與傳動系統取代傳統黏滯阻尼器，使TMD的振動能量轉換為電能，有機會可以被儲存，達到儲能(永續性)與結構減振(安全性)之目的，為一綠能減振科技。 本研究設計並製造EM-MTMD減振系統，首先，進行振動台元件測試，進而將EM-MTMD安裝於一縮尺長週期主體結構，探討其減振及儲能效益。試驗結果顯示，EM-MTMD可有效降低結構振動反應且發電，數值模擬分析結果與實驗量測數據相符，證明本文分析方法的正確性。With the development of construction technologies, high-rise buildings have sprouted almost everywhere in the world. The high slenderness feature of the buildings leads to problems of human comfort and structural safety. Tuned Mass Damper (TMD), such as the pendulum-typed TMD installed in Taipei 101, is one of the famous examples of structural control devices. However, it is bad that conventional TMDs used viscous damper to dissipate the vibration energy of TMD into waste heat. In addition, it is generally recognized that the detuning effect will significantly reduce the control performance of a single TMD. In this paper, an electromagnetic multiple-tuned mass damper (EM-MTMD) is proposed. By replacing the viscous damper with a DC motor and a transmission system, the vibration energy of the TMDcan be converted into electricity which can be saved for practical uses. The EM-MTMD has the dual functions of vibration control and energy harvesting and is a new type of green energy. In this study, a prototype of EM-MTMD system was designed and manufactured. A series of performance tests for the EM-MTMD system were first conducted on a shaking table. Then, the EM-MTMD was installed into a scaled-down structure with long period to simulate a high-rise building equipped with the EM-MTMD system. The test results show that the EM-MTMD can effectively reduce structural vibrations and generate electricity. The predicted results agree very well with the the experimental results showing the accuracy the analytical model.目錄 謝誌 i 摘要 ii Abstract iii 目錄 iv 表格目錄 vii 圖形目錄 x 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機與目的 1 1.2 文獻回顧 1 1.3 本文內容 4 第二章 旋轉電磁式馬達阻尼理論推導 8 2.1 旋轉電磁式馬達阻尼原理 8 2.2 旋轉電磁式馬達含傳動系統之阻尼推導 10 2.3 儲能電路介紹 12 第三章 結構安裝EM-MTMD理論推導 17 3.1 安裝EM-MTMD系統之動態平衡方程式 17 3.2 轉換函數與減振效益(Performance Index) 23 3.3 EM-MTMD最佳化設計參數探討 24 3.4 EM-MTMD設計流程 25 3.4.1 標準化設計流程 26 3.4.2 數值模擬 27 第四章 EM-MTMD之設計與製造 34 4.1 目標主結構介紹 34 4.2 EM-MTMD參數設計與製造 34 4.2.1 質量元件設計 35 4.2.2 勁度元件設計 35 4.2.3 線性滑軌元件設計 36 4.2.4 安全防護裝置設計 37 4.2.5 電磁阻尼器元件設計 38 4.2.6 試驗迴路系統設計 40 第五章 EM-MTMD與主結構之元件測試 56 5.1 試驗環境介紹 56 5.1.1 感測器安裝與校正 56 5.1.2 試驗之掃頻外力 57 5.1.3 試驗程序 58 5.2 系統參數識別與動態反應擬合 59 5.2.1 主結構參數識別(Test A) 59 5.2.2 EM-MTMD參數識別(Test B) 60 5.2.2.1 滑軌摩擦阻尼識別(B-1) 60 5.2.2.2 慣質對頻率之影響(B-2) 61 5.2.2.3 調整EM-MTMD頻率(B-3) 61 5.2.2.4 調整電阻(B-4) 62 5.2.2.5 地震力測試(B-5) 63 5.2.3 探討電磁阻尼器回收之能量 64 第六章 EM-MTMD之減震試驗 98 6.1 掃頻減振效益分析 98 6.2 試驗之地震外力 99 6.3 地震力減振效益分析 99 6.3.1 主結構受地震之反應 99 6.3.2 EM-MTMD受地震之反應 101 第七章 結論與建議 170 7.1 結論 170 7.2 建議與展望 171 參考文獻 172 附錄 17