Optimum Design and Shaking Table Test of Bidirectional Electromagnetic Tuned Mass Dampers with Inerter

調諧質量阻尼器(Tuned Mass Damper, TMD)係為一單自由度結構減振系統，藉由調整其振動頻率與主體結構主要振頻相調諧之原理，可將結構之部分振動能量傳遞至TMD，並由其阻尼器消散，使結構振動反應降低。直至今日，許多不同形式之TMD系統被提出，其中包括可變勁度或阻尼元件，使TMD系統參數可隨結構反應或外力作進行調整，提升TMD減振效果。不過，被動式TMD仍是實務應用中最可靠的選擇。近期的TMD設計更朝向多功能性及永續性發展，以電磁機構取代傳統阻尼器，將振動能轉換為電能儲存或即時應用。 基於以上討論，本研究發展雙向具慣質之電磁式調諧質量阻尼器(Bidirectional Electromagnetic Tuned Mass Dampers with Inerter,簡稱BI-EM-TMDI)，其為一新型被動式TMD，利用機構設計使質量塊可作雙向運行，控制結構之雙向振動，並安裝飛輪於旋轉馬達電磁阻尼器，使BI-EM-TMDI可藉調整慣質大小改變TMD頻率，降低離頻效應，增進TMD減振效能的強健性。同時，藉由調整電磁迴路之電阻改變TMD阻尼係數，可將TMD之振動能轉為電能。本研究首先提出考慮慣質之EM-TMDI最佳化設計流程，數值模擬分析證實可變慣質EM-TMDI系統可有效抑制扭轉耦合結構的離頻效應，接著根據真實扭轉耦合高層建築結構動態特性，設計、製造縮尺BI-EM-TMDI機構，利用國家地震中心台南實驗室振動台進行BI-EM-TMDI性能測試，證實改變慣質可調整BI-EM-TMDI振動頻率，且旋轉馬達電磁阻尼可產生可觀的電量，具備減震與儲能雙重功能。Tuned mass damper (TMD) is a single-degree-of-freedom system for vibration suppression of civil engineering structures. The frequency of the TMD is tuned to a primary structural frequency so that part of structural vibration energy is transferred into TMD and dissipated by its damping mechanism. In the past few years, various configurations of TMDs were developed with variable stiffness or damping components so that the parameters of the TMD can be adjusted for different situations to enhance vibration mitigation and robustness. However, the passive TMD is still the most reliable and acceptable device in real application. Furthermore, the development of multifunctional and sustainable TMD received much attention and research interest recently. By replacing dashpot with electromagnetic device, the kinetic energy of the TMD can be transformed into electrical energy for harvesting. Based on above discussions, this study proposes a novel passive TMD, called bidirectional electromagnetic TMD with Inerter (BI-EM-TMDI), which can reduce the structural responses in two orthogonal horizontal directions and harvest vibration energy. The dashpot of the BI-EM-TMDI is replaced by the electromagnetic motor connected with an adjustable resistance and an inerter-like flywheel mechanism. This provides capabilities to control damping coefficient and frequency easily by adjusting the resistance and the flywheel size. In this study, an optimal design procedure of EM-TMDI with the consideration of inerter is proposed and illustrated by numerical simulations first. The results show that the EM-TMDI can effectively mitigate the detuning effect of torsionally-coupled buildings by simply adjusting inertance. Then, a series of shaking table tests were conducted at NCREE Tainan laboratory for a scale-down BI-EM-TMDI device, which is designed for a real irregular high-rise building. The test results proved that the application of flywheel can change the frequency of TMD to mitigate its detuning effect and the EM damper can generate considerable amount of electricity for practical use.誌謝 i 摘要 ii Abstract iii 目錄 iv 表格目錄 vi 圖形目錄 ix 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究動機與目的 1 1.2 文獻回顧 2 1.3 本文內容 5 第二章 馬達電磁阻尼及慣質之理論推導 7 2.1馬達電磁阻尼效應 7 2.2馬達傳動系統結合飛輪之電磁阻尼與慣質推導 9 2.3馬達外接儲能電路介紹 11 第三章 扭轉耦合結構裝設EM-TMDI理論推導 13 3.1 扭轉耦合結構之運動方程式 13 3.2 結構裝設EM-TMDI之運動方程式 18 3.3 轉換函數均方反應 23 3.4 EM-TMDI最佳化參數設計流程 25 第四章 EM-TMDI振動控制數值模擬 28 4.1 等值單層樓扭轉耦合結構 28 4.2 慣質對結構減振之影響 30 4.3 忽略慣質對結構減振之影響 31 4.4 最佳化慣質調整EM-TMDI頻率 32 第五章 縮尺BI-EM-TMDI機構設計 34 5.1 縮尺BI-EM-TMDI最佳化參數設計 34 5.2 質量塊設計 35 5.3 線性滑軌設計 35 5.4 彈簧設計 37 5.5 馬達傳動系統挑選 40 5.6 飛輪設計 41 5.7 鎖停及緩衝裝置設計 42 第六章 縮尺BI-EM-TMDI振動台元件測試 43 6.1 試驗場地簡介 43 6.1.1 感測器安裝位置 43 6.1.2 實驗外力 43 6.1.3 實驗流程 44 6.2 縮尺BI-EM-TMDI參數識別結果 47 6.2.1 慣質參數識別 47 6.2.2 系統阻尼識別 49 6.3 地震歷時反應擬合 50 6.4 BI-EM-TMDI系統能量 53 第七章 結論 55 參考文獻 5