The Study of Turkey's Europeanization: The Case of Justice and Development Party's Democratic Reform

The Republic of Turkey applied for its EU membership in 1987, and finally acquired its EU candidacy in 1999. After becoming an EU candidate, Turkey started its reform on Europeanization. In 2002, the Justice and Development Party (JDP) formed its administration, and advocated Turkish Europeanization. Under its administration, the JDP started Turkey's accession negotiation with EU, but have accomplished only one negotiation chapter. The study used External Incentives Model to explore how EU influenced Turkish Europeanization from 2002 to 2013. In addition, the study focuses on elections, media rights, and minority rights. The study finds out that Turkish Europeanization on elections, and media rights, and minority rights is selective reform from 2002 to 2013. Also, the EU's influence on Turkish Europeanization is limited. The limited EU incentives are caused by Cyprus problem, the competition between JDP and the Kemalist, issues of Kurdish Workers Party, and the transformation of JDP's foreign policy. Keywords: Turkey's EU accession, Europeanization, Justice and Development Party土耳其自 1987 年申請加入歐盟，直至 1999 年才成為歐盟候選國，並 展開歐洲化改革。2002 年正義發展黨上台並主張歐洲化改革並於 2005 年展開入盟談判，而正發黨執政至今僅完成一章談判。而本研究將以歐洲化之外部誘因模式做為研究途徑，探討土耳其 2002 至 2013 年間歐盟對土耳其歐洲化進程之影響，並以選舉、媒體權與少數民族權利作為本研究之分析案例。 本研究發現土耳其於 2002 年至 2013 年在選舉、媒體權與少數民族權 利之歐洲化呈現選擇性改革的趨勢，而歐盟誘因的影響力有限。影響歐盟 誘因有限的原因主要有：賽普勒斯問題、正發黨與凱末爾主義者的競爭、 庫德工人黨問題與正發黨外交政策的變革。 關鍵字：土耳其入歐、歐洲化、正義發展黨第一章 緒論 ............................................................................................................... 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 ......................................................................................... 1 第二節 文獻回顧 ...................................................................................................... 4 第三節 研究方法與途徑 ....................................................................................... 10 第四節 研究範圍與限制 ....................................................................................... 15 第五節 研究架構與章節安排............................................................................... 17 第二章 土耳其緩步的民主改革進程(2002-2013) .............................................. 19 第一節 選舉 .............................................................................................................. 21 第二節 媒體權 ......................................................................................................... 27 第三節 少數民族權利 ............................................................................................ 33 第四節 小結 .............................................................................................................. 47 第三章 正義發展黨與歐洲化 ............................................................................... 51 第一節 正發黨之起源 ........................................................................................... 52 第二節 正發黨意識形態探討 ............................................................................... 58 第三節 正發黨對入盟問題態度 ........................................................................... 64 第四節 小結 .............................................................................................................. 71 第四章 土耳其歐洲化：選擇性改革 .................................................................. 75 第一節 歐盟對土耳其選舉權改革之影響 ........................................................ 80 第二節 歐盟對土耳其媒體權之影響 ................................................................. 85 第三節 歐盟對土耳其少數民族權利之影響 .................................................... 91 第四節 小結 ............................................................................................................ 100 第五章 結論 ............................................................................................................ 109 第一節 研究發現 ................................................................................................... 109 第二節 未來研究建議 .......................................................................................... 116 參考書目 .................................................................................................................. 118 壹、中文部分 .................................................................................................. 118 貳、英文部分 .................................................................................................. 11