Study on the Emission Reduction of Black Smoke from Diesel Bus Engine

國內柴油車輛使用上可分為大客車、大貨車、小貨車及柴油小客車，柴油車相較在機動車輛總數比值並不高，但由於柴油車大部份用於商業上，行走里程數比一般車輛較長，所產生污染排放量也相當可觀。 本文分析大客車自行診斷車輛污染排放，調校完成後於「柴油車排煙檢驗站」所檢測資料；比較與環保局每年所執行之成果，並評估此方法對於改善使用中柴油車黑煙污染情況，結果顯示車輛若能定期保養調校，所檢測出之污染度均能在其管制標準內。比較99～101年間的，可得知能將檢測車輛污染度能控制在低於管制標準下；利用一、二、三級保養模式所建立的檢測數據，可有效的提早發現引擎零件劣化，並改善其引擎問題，使污染在未產生前便得到改善。 在探討影響車輛黑煙污染情形方面，本文針對柴油引擎各部位對於黑煙污染影響，並討論引擎各部位調校對於車輛排放黑煙的關系，其中發現柴油引擎各部對於黑煙污染影響並非單一關系存在，引擎間的連動也會影響黑煙污染。Diesel vehicles used locally can be classified into heavy duty passenger vehicle,heavy duty cargo vehicle, light duty cargo vehicle and light duty passenger vehicle. The ratio of diesel vehicles against the total number of motor vehicles is not high. Yet,owing to their mainly commercial use and longer travel mileage compared to other vehicles, the amount of pollution emissions produced by them are quite significant. This article analyzes the test data of the on-board diagnostics of the heavy duty passenger vehicle on pollution emission inspection and maintenance completed on the 'Diesel Vehicle Inspection Station.' Comparing with the results carried out by the environmental protection bureau over the years, this method is being assessed with regards to the improvement of the condition of black smoke pollution from diesel vehicles currently being used. The result shows that if the vehicles are regularly maintained and tuned up, the degree of pollution detected could all fall within the regulatory standards. In comparison to the test data from year 2010 to 2012, it could be known that it is possible to control the degree of pollution detected from vehicles below the regulatory standards. By using maintenance method I, II and III, this article establishes test data that can be effective in the early detection of deterioration of engine parts. And in improving the engine problem, the pollution can be dealt with before it is produced. In studying the aspects that affect vehicles in the case of smoke pollution, this article deals with each part of the diesel engine that may affect smoke pollution. It also discusses concerning the relationship of the adjustments of each engine parts and the exhaust emission of the vehicle. From among these, it was found out that the relation of each part of the diesel engine that affect smoke pollution is not just separate issues, but it could also be connected issues between the engine parts.摘要 i Abstract ii 目錄 iii 表目錄 vi 圖目錄 vii 第一章 前言 1 1.1 研究緣起 1 1.2 研究動機 3 1.3 研究目的 3 第二章 文獻回顧 5 2.1 柴油引擎原理探討 5 2.2 柴油引擎生成黑煙機制 8 2.2.1 柴油引擎排放黑煙原因分析 9 2.3 柴油車排放污染物質對人體影響健康因素 13 2.3.1 粒狀污染物 14 2.3.2 碳氫化合物 15 2.3.3 一氧化碳 15 2.3.4 二氧化碳 16 2.3.5 氮氧化物 17 2.3.6 硫氧化物 18 2.3.7 多環芳香烴化合物 19 第三章 柴油車污染管制現況 23 3.1 柴油車污染處置 23 3.1.1 通知到檢 23 3.1.2 目測通知到檢 25 3.1.3 路邊攔檢及場站無負載檢測作業 27 3.2 國內外柴油車污染管制策略 29 3.2.1 香港柴油車污染管制策略 29 3.2.2 新加坡柴油車污染管制策略 30 3.2.3 美國加州柴油車污染管制策略 31 3.2.4 國內柴油車污染管制策略 32 3.2.5 定期檢驗 35 3.2.6 車隊之自我檢測制度 37 3.2.7 路邊攔檢制度 38 第四章 柴油車排煙檢測資料分析 40 4.1 研究方法 40 4.2 柴油車引擎組成零件與黑煙排放關係分析 48 4.2.1 柴油車冒黑煙故障分析及故障診斷 49 4.3 柴油車排放之黑煙與粒狀物關係分析 59 4.3.1 柴油車黑煙與粒狀污染物檢測方式 60 4.3.2 黑煙污染度與粒狀污染物濃度關係式 61 4.3.3 引擎調校後黑煙改善效益及粒狀物減量評估 68 4.4 調校檢驗與各縣市環保局成果評估 80 4.4.1 定期調校與經目視判煙檢驗結果比較 91 第五章 結論與建議 103 5.1 結論 103 5.2 建議 105 參考文獻 107 中文部分 107 西文部份 11