Feasibility Study on Terrestrial Photogrammetry for Well Deformation Survey

集水井往往被設置於地滑區，因其可有效降低地下水位，增加邊坡之穩定性。又因其設置於滑動土體內，藉由其變形之狀況，即可了解土體滑動之情形，但其變形量卻難以準確地量測。 本文應用近景攝影測量技術與 TOPCON PI-3000 軟體，進行集水井變形量之量測。藉由室內實驗及現地試驗之成果分析比較，進行可行性評估之研究。希望能夠提供較快速且準確的集水井變形量之量測方式。 經由室內試驗及現地實驗之結果發現，應用近景攝影測量於集水井變形量之量測為一可行之方法，精度可達 1/196~1/511，並從現地試驗結果、相機姿態與井體傾斜角度之探討，發現選定之集水井有傾斜之情形發生，其傾斜方向朝向下邊坡，應屬合理，故可持續進行量測，觀察其一段時間之變形量，亦可試著用於排水廊道之變形量量測。Water collecting well is often setted in the landslide area, because it can effectively reduce groundwater level so as t0 increase the stability of the slope. Because of its setting in the the soil sliding body, by measuring its deformation can help to understand the situation of slope sliding. But the amount of deformation is difficult to measured accurately. In this paper, terrestrial photogrammetry and TOPCON PI-3000 software are used to measure the amount of deformation of wells. By comparison of the analysis results of laboratory experiments and in-situ tests, a feasibility study is conducted in order to provide a faster and accurate way to measure the amount of deformation of water collecting wells. By the results of laboratory experiments and in-situ tests, the terrestrial photogrammetry for well deformation survey is proved a feasible method. The accuracy is reached between 1/196 and 1/511. From the results of in-situ tests and a discussion on camera posture and the tilt angle of well body, the selected well have also provedto be tilted. The tilting direction toward the down slope. It's considered reasonable. Deformation of the drainage well can be measured for a specific period of time. It can also be applied to measure the deformation of the drainage gallery.摘要 ............................I Abstract ........................... II 總目錄 ............................ III 圖目錄 ............................. VI 表目錄 ........................... VIII 第一章 緒論 ....................1 1.1 研究動機 ...................................................................................... 1 1.2 研究目的 ...................................................................................... 2 1.3 研究流程 ...................................................................................... 3 1.4 研究地點 ...................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 室內實驗地點 .................................................................................... 4 1.4.2 現地試驗地點 .................................................................................... 4 第二章 文獻回顧 ........................................ 6 2.1 測量技術的發展概況 .................................................................. 6 2.2 攝影測量技術發展 ...................................................................... 6 2.3 近景攝影測量技術之應用 .......................................................... 8 第三章 實驗儀器及原理 .......................... 10 3.1 實驗儀器及軟體 ........................................................................ 10 3.1.1 影像測量軟體 .................................................................................. 10 3.1.2 相機 .................................................................................................. 11 3.1.3 拍攝載具模組 .................................................................................. 13 3.2 近景攝影測量原理 .................................................................... 14 III 3.2.1 攝影測量-以點為控制..................................................................... 16 3.2.2 攝影測量-以線為控制..................................................................... 21 3.3 集水井 ........................................................................................ 23 3.3.1 原理 .................................................................................................. 23 3.3.2 集水井設計 ...................................................................................... 23 3.3.3 LW1、LW2 集水井 .......................................................................... 29 第四章 實驗步驟與試驗成果分析 .......... 33 4.1 相機內定位率定 ........................................................................ 34 4.2 室內實驗步驟 ............................................................................ 35 4.2.1 載具設置 .......................................................................................... 36 4.2.2 影像取得及外方位元控制點座標建立 .......................................... 37 4.2.3 現地內外方位連結重建可否收斂 .................................................. 38 4.2.4 地形立體配對 .................................................................................. 39 4.2.5 點位三維座標值之取得 .................................................................. 40 4.2.6 室內實驗成果分析 .......................................................................... 41 4.3 現地實驗步驟 ............................................................................ 43 4.3.1 載具設置 .......................................................................................... 44 4.3.2 影像取得及外方位元控制點座標建立 .......................................... 45 4.3.3 現地內外方位連結重建可否收斂 .................................................. 46 4.3.4 地形立體配對 .................................................................................. 47 4.3.5 點位三維座標值之取得 .................................................................. 48 4.3.6 現地試驗成果分析 .......................................................................... 49 第五章 綜合討論 ...................................... 53 5.1 可行性討論 ................................................................................ 53 5.1.1 攝影測量量測之可行性 ................................................................... 54 5.1.2 雷射光量測之可行性 ....................................................................... 57 5.2 精度討論 .................................................................................... 59 5.3 系統誤差討論 ............................................................................ 61 IV 5.4 集水井變形討論 ........................................................................ 64 5.4.1 LW1 集水井 ...................................................................................... 64 5.4.2 LW2 集水井 ...................................................................................... 71 第六章 結論與建議 .................................. 74 6.1 結論 ............................................................................................ 74 6.2 建議 ............................................................................................ 75 參考文獻 ...................................................... 76 英文參考文獻 ................................................................................... 76 中文參考文獻 ................................................................................... 77 附錄一 ................................................. 7