Evaluation of Carbon emissions of existing school Buildings life cycle assessment during Reconstruction period

In recent years, uncontrolled development around the world, resulting in a large amount of energy depletion and greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, reducing greenhouse gas emissions has become the subject-matter of national attention. In our country, there are about three hundred million tons of carbon dioxide emissions per year into the atmosphere, the construction industry accounted for 28.8% of the total (Architecture and Building Research institute Ministry of the Interior,2014； Hsien-Te Lin,2002). Therefore, in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, reducing carbon emissions by buildings become one of our policy. Our country in order to effective control carbon dioxide emissions by buildings, actively promote green buildings to speed up old and new architecture towards the green building direction. According to the report, the proportion of old and new buildings for the 3:97(Architecture and Building Research institute Ministry of the Interior, 2014), due to the new buildings are subject to the technical rules of construction and related regulations about green buildings, from this, carbon dioxide emissions of buildings, the maximum value are existing buildings. For example for four RC buildings, the proportion of carbon dioxide about buildings life cycle assessment of daily use period it emissions up to 62.94% (Yu-Sheng Chang,2002), the period is mainly because of the carbon dioxide generated by the buildings shell of energy consumption, so buildings shell are the main reason for the impact energy consumption of daily use period. 2013 buildings energy efficiency using manual report noted that school arising from all type of buildings energy consumption accounts up to 15% which is the highest proportion of all types of buildings. Therefore, carbon dioxide reduction about school building is become the important part in the carbon dioxide reduction plan. The research mainly by buildings shell to investigate the existing school buildings carbon dioxide emission in update period of situation. The first to investigate the existing school buildings in daily use period of it energy consumption situation, to understand the reasons of the buildings energy consumption, and investigate the carbon dioxide emissions in the update reconstruction period and the energy consumption and the electricity situation after the buildings reconstruction, calculate the energy saving and carbon reduction efficiency after the school buildings reconstruction. Summarizes the results of this research, three school buildings of this study in the reconstruction period emission carbon dioxide per unit floor area ranging from 400-700Kg, the main cause of high carbon emissions for building materials using like steel and concrete, proportion of up to 80%. After reconstruction, the buildings shell energy consumption can be improve effectively, and three school buildings energy efficiency between 50-62%, effectively reduce the amount of energy used and buildings shell energy consumption in daily use period. Because buildings during daily use arising carbon dioxide mostly for the construction of electricity, so when buildings with high energy efficiency, which in the future will cause less destruction than lower energy efficiency buildings. So the buildings at reconstruction period, can use different kinds of update energy-saving design, to balance the increase in the floor area of carbon emissions in the life cycle assessment.近年來全球各地毫無節制的開發，造成能源耗竭與大量的溫室氣體排放至大氣中，降低溫室氣體排放更成為各國重視的議題。我國每年約排放三億公噸二氧化碳氣體至大氣中，建築產業所排放之二氧化碳佔總量28.8% (內政部建築研究所，2014；林憲德，2002)。因此，為了降低二氧化碳排放至大氣中，減少建築物所之碳排放量成為我國對於二氧化碳減量政策中之方向之一。我國為有效控管建築物之二氧化碳排放量，積極推動綠建築，以加速新舊建築朝綠建築方向發展。 根據內政部建築研究所之報告顯示，新舊建築物所佔比例為3:97 (內政部建築研究所，2014)，由於新建建築物均受建築技術規則與綠建築相關條例之規範，由此可知，建築物所產生之二氧化碳極大值為既有建築物所排放。以四層RC建築為例，建築物生命週期中日常使用階段所排放之二氧化碳比例高達62.94%(張又升，2002)，此階段主要因為建築物外殼耗能所產生之二氧化碳排放，故建築外殼為影響建築物日常使用階段之耗能之主因。2013年建築節能運用手冊報告指出，學校類型所產生之耗能量佔各類建築耗能比例高達15%為各類建築之冠，因此學校校舍之二氧化碳減量，成為整體二氧化碳減量計畫中之重要一環。 本研究主要以建築外殼探討既有校園建築於更新階段之碳排放情形，首先探討既有校園建築於日常使用階段之建築耗能情形，了解建築物耗能之原因，並探討其於更新整建期間所產生之碳排放量以及整建後之外殼耗能情形與用電狀況，計算既有校園建築整建後之節能減碳效益。 總結本研究結果，本研究之三所校園建築於更新整建階段所排放出之二氧化碳量單位樓地板面積介於400至700公斤，其主要造成碳排放量高為鋼筋與混凝土建材使用，所占比例高達80%，而建築物於更新整建後有效改善建築外殼耗能量，且此三所校園建築經更新整建後之節能效益介於50%~62%，有效降低建築於日常使用階段之能源使用量及外殼耗能量。由於建築於日常使用期間為環境所產生之二氧化碳多半為建築用電之碳排放為主，因此當建築具高節能效益時，其日後為環境所帶來之破壞相對於節能效益低之建築物，達節能減碳之功效。因此建築物於更新階段時，可透過更新手法節能設計，在生命週期過程來平衡樓地板面積增加之碳排放量。中文摘要 2 英文摘要 4 總目錄 6 圖目錄 7 表目錄 8 第一章 緒論 9 第一節 研究緣起 9 第二節 研究動機 10 第三節 研究目的 11 第四節 研究範圍與對象 12 第五節 研究架構 13 第二章 文獻回顧 14 第一節 綠建築 14 第二節 綠建築評估方法 15 第三節 建築物生命週期評估 21 第四節 國內外建築物生命週期評估方法 25 第五節 台灣現有建築碳排放量之相關文獻整理 27 第三章 研究方法 31 第一節 各校舍數據資料 31 第二節 各校園建築更新階段整建產生之碳排放資料庫來源及計算 33 第三節 各校舍更新階段整建前後之外殼耗能計算模式 39 第四節 各校舍更新階段整建前後之用電密度EUI及節能效益 44 第五節 小結 46 第四章 研究結果分析 47 第一節 校園建築物A更新整建之碳排放評估 47 第二節 校園建築物B更新整建之碳排放評估 55 第三節 校園建築物C更新整建之碳排放評估 68 第四節 既有校園建築物碳排放比較 78 第五章 研究結果與討論 79 第一節 碳排放計算 80 第二節 建築外殼耗能與外殼節能效益評估 81 第三節 EUI評估與節能效益 81 第四節 既有校舍生命週期更新階段之碳排放評估 82 第六章 結論與建議 83 第一節 結論 83 第三節 建議 84 參考文獻 8