Relationships Among the Personality, Loneliness and Leisure Participation for Middle- aged and Elderly

Base on Continuity Theory of Aging, the study probed on the relationship among the personality in different combination,loneliness and leisure participation for middle-aged and elderly, also on the relationship between the leisure participating degrees and loneliness. Overview in recent researches, the difference of loneliness degree could depend on different personality traits, and for the middle-aged and elderly facing the loss of social role but increasing free time, loneliness could be a potential psychological health problem. In Continuity Theory of Aging, it advocated that people keeping participating their preferable activity in middle-aged is helpful for acclimating aging, thus leisure activity is not only important for aging life, but the middle-aged and elderly could also decrease their loneliness via participating leisure activity. Otherwise, the type of leisure activity participating by middle-aged and elderly could depend on different personality traits, there has much higher participating degree on dynamic leisure activity for one who was more outgoing. TIPI is the measurement applying in the study to investigate the combination of middle-aged and elderly's personality traits. For probing the middle-aged and elderly leisure activity participation, the study took 'Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle Aged and Elderly in Taiwan' as measurement. UCLA Loneliness Scale (version3) was taken as the measurement of loneliness. Questionnaires were taken after the pre-test, and 409 questionnaires were valid in the study. In the result, the types of combination personality trait in middle-aged and elderly could be 'Averaged', 'Active' and 'Low Profiled', and leisure activities could be 'Non-Athletic Indoor Activity', 'Athletic Outdoor Activity' and 'Social Relating Activity'. In different combination of personality trait, middle-aged and elderly was significant different in 'Social Relating Activity' participating. For this, activity participation was significant high in the group of 'Active' than other two groups, and 'Active' also got the lowest score in loneliness, that is to say, someone who usually takes part in the activity is low in loneliness本研究以老化的持續理論(Continuity theory of aging)觀點切入，探討中高齡者人格特質不同組成與休閒活動參與及孤寂感之差異，以及休閒參與程度與孤寂感間關係。綜觀過去研究，人們感到孤寂的程度高低會 因人格特質而有所不同，中高齡者面對社會角色的喪失和生活中空閒時間增加，孤寂感可能成為潛在心理健康問題。而持續理論觀點主張持續參與中年時期所喜愛的活動能協助適應老化，因此休閒參與除了是老年生活的重心，中高齡者亦有可能透過休閒活動的參與而降低孤寂感。然而，中高齡者在休閒活動參與的類型亦可能會因人格特質而有所差異，外向性較高者，在動態型休閒活動參與亦較多。 研究工具採用 Gosling、Rentfrow 與 Swann(2003)所發展之五大人格特質簡短版調查中高齡者人格特質組成，利用行政院衛生署台灣地區中 老年身心社會生活狀況長期追蹤調查休閒活動項目，以測量受測者休閒活動參與，以 UCLA 孤寂量表第三版(Russell，1988)進行受測者孤寂感之測量，前測後進行正式研究問卷調查，共 409 份有效問卷。 研究結果顯示，中高齡者人格特質可分為三類：「中庸型」、「成熟積極型」與「拘謹內斂型」 休閒活動參與則有三種： 室內靜態型」「戶外型」與「社交型」。不同人格特質類型的中高齡者在「社交型」活動參與程度具有顯著差異，其中「成熟積極型」的中高齡者在社交型活動參與程度顯著高於其餘兩型人格。而「成熟積極型」的中高齡者在孤寂感的得分最低，相關分析結果顯示經常參與休閒活動的中高齡者，其孤寂感受越低。第一章 緒論................................................................................................................................. 1 第一節 研究動機 ..................................................................................................................... 1 第二節 研究目的 ..................................................................................................................... 3 第三節 名詞定義 ..................................................................................................................... 4 第四節 研究流程 ..................................................................................................................... 6 第五節 研究貢獻 ..................................................................................................................... 8 第二章 文獻回顧......................................................................................................................... 9 第一節 人口老化與高齡化社會之現況 ................................................................................. 9 第二節 人格特質理論與相關研究探討 ............................................................................... 12 第三節 休閒活動及其相關研究探討 ................................................................................... 20 第四節 孤寂感理論及其相關研究探討 ............................................................................... 39 第五節 人格特質、休閒參與及孤寂感概念之關係 ........................................................... 45 第三章 研究方法....................................................................................................................... 47 第一節 研究架構與假設....................................................................................................... 47 第二節 測量工具................................................................................................................... 49 第三節 分析方法................................................................................................................... 57 第四章 結果與討論................................................................................................................... 59 第一節 基本資料分析........................................................................................................... 59 第二節 不同人格特質中高齡者之休閒參與類型分析 ....................................................... 64 第三節 不同人格特質中高齡者之孤寂感分析 ................................................................... 70 第四節 中高齡者休閒參與類型之孤寂感分析 ................................................................... 73 第五節 不同社經背景中高齡者之人格特質特質、休閒參與類型及孤寂感分析 ........... 74 第六節 結果討論 ................................................................................................................... 90 第五章 結論與建議................................................................................................................... 96 第一節 研究結論................................................................................................................... 96 第二節 研究限制................................................................................................................... 98 第三節 實務建議................................................................................................................... 99 第四節 後續研究建議......................................................................................................... 100 參考文獻................................................................................................................................... 101 附錄 正式問卷......................................................................................................................... 11