Energy Performance of Ground-source Heat Pump and Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) in Retrofitted and New Buildings: Two Case Studies Using Simulation and On-site Measurements

This paper aims to contribute by presenting calculated and measured electricity usage in two single-family case studies during the heating season of 2019-2020 located in Stockholm, Sweden. The electricity usage included consumption by heat pumps’ compressor to cover space heating and domestic hot water, auxiliary energy for fans and pumps, and ventilation system. The first case study was built in 1936 with an oil burner, which was renovated to a ground-source heat pump (GSHP) in 2015, and the second case study was a new building built in 2013 with a GSHP. The application of photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) systems in combination with GSHP was theoretically investigated for both case studies. Buildings were modelled using the energy simulation tool IDA Indoor Climate and Energy (ICE), and the model was validated against the measured electrical energy usage. PVT was designed to balance the maximum heat production with domestic hot water consumption during the summer months. Simulation results revealed that combining GSHP with 5 m2 grid-connected PVT gave 21% and 22% energy savings in case study 1 and case study 2, respectively. Employing a battery storage to store extra electricity production by PVT increased the energy savings to 24 % and 32 % for case study 1 and case study 2, respectively. Moreover, in both cases approximately half of the total annual domestic hot water need was prepared by 5 m2 PVT