A comparative overview of weathering intensity and HCO3- flux in the world's major rivers with emphasis on the Changjiang, Huanghe, Zhujiang (Pearl) and Mississippi Rivers

In this paper, general relationships of riverine bicarbonate concentrations and fluxes as a function of drainage basin mineral content and runoff are examined using a database of the 25 largest rivers in the world. Specific HCO3- flux normalized to unit basin area, which peaks in the mid latitudes, was found to be strongly correlated with the carbonate mineral content of river basins, while river HCO3- concentration was related to the balance of precipitation and evaporation. Within this global context, the weathering patterns of CO2 in a few large rivers (Changjiang, Huanghe, Pearl, and Mississippi rivers) were examined in further detail. The Zhujiang (Pearl River), especially its largest branch (Xijiang), was characterized by the highest specific weathering rate among all the world's large rivers due to an exceptionally high carbonate mineral content (over 80\%) in its drainage basin and its warm and wet environment. It has a moderate level of HCO3- concentration, however, due to dilution by relatively high precipitation in the watershed. In stark contrast, the Huanghe (Yellow River) has one of the lowest specific weathering rates because of low carbonate mineral content and a dry climate. However, it has a high HCO3- concentration due largely to the concentrating effects of high evaporative water loss, as a result of and weather and the agricultural use of water through irrigation systems, as well as carbonate-containing surficial deposits (i.e., loess). The strong correlation between specific HCO3- fluxes and discharge in all four rivers with different discharge seasonality suggests that higher precipitation in drainage basins promotes higher weathering rates. For the 25 large rivers studied here, rivers in low (< 30 degrees), mid (30-60 degrees) and high (> 60 degrees) latitudes have an average HCO3- concentration of 0.584, 1.649, and 1.154mM, respectively, and they account for 42.6\%, 47.3\% and 10.1\%, respectively, of the total global dissolved inorganic carbon flux to the ocean. Thus the mid-latitude rivers carry a disproportionally high dissolved inorganic carbon flux with a relatively small (26\%) amount of freshwater discharge. The discharge-averaged global river HCO3- concentration was estimated to be 1.1 mM. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved