Quantifying the counterion-specific effect on surfactant adsorption using modeling, simulation, and experiments

Ionic surfactants behave differently in the presence of various counterions, which plays an important role in many scientific and engineering processes. Previous work has shown that the counterion-specific surface tension can be reproduced with classical adsorption models, but the underlying origin of this effect has not been explained. In this paper, we extend our previously developed adsorption model to account for the specific counterion adsorption. This model can accurately predict the surface tension of surfactant solutions like sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of the monovalent salts LiCl, NaCl, KCl, and CsCl. The predicted surface excess and surface potential are validated by corresponding sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy experiments. We also used molecular dynamic (MD) simulation to explain the origin of the counterion-specific effect for surfactant behavior. Our study shows that for SDS, binding of the counterion to both the headgroup and a few CH fragments close to the surfactant head contributes to the counterion-specific effect. In general, SDS behaves like a large ion, and it prefers to bind with large counterions such as Cs, which is consistent with Collins's law of matching water affinity. Therefore, large counterions enhance the surface adsorption and lower the surface tension the most