Multiple Attractors, Catastrophes and Chaos in Seasonally Perturbed Predator-Prey Communities

The classical predator-prey model is considered in this paper with reference to the case of periodically varying parameters. Six elementary seasonality mechanisms are identified and analyzed in detail by means of a continuation technique producing complete bifurcation diagrams. The results show that each elementary mechanism can give rise to multiple attractors and that catastrophic transitions can occur when suitable parameters are slightly changed. Moreover, the two classical routes to chaos, namely, torus destruction and cascade of period doublings, are numerically detected. Since in the case of constant parameters the model cannot have multiple attractors, catastrophes, and chaos, the results support the conjecture that seasons can very easily give rise to complex population dynamics