Oscillatory brain mechanisms for memory formation – online and offline processes

Brain oscillations refer to rhythmic activity of neural populations, which can be observed in the human brain. The temporal structure of these oscillations can influence neural firing, and in turn affect information processing and synaptic plasticity. In this manner, oscillatory activity could shape the neural mechanisms of memory formation. Here we review how oscillations relate to human memory processes. To this end, we discuss the potential functions of oscillatory activity in different brain regions, such as the neocortex and the hippocampus. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of neural oscillations during the different stages during memory formation, from encoding processes during wakefulness to offline processes during sleep. Studies which observe oscillations during memory experiments will be discussed alongside studies that manipulate oscillations attempting to behaviourally impact on memory. The reviewed literature suggests that oscillations may hold important answers as to how our brain manages to encode, maintain and consolidate memories