In vivo electromechanical assessment of heart failure patients with prolonged QRS duration

BACKGROUND: Combined measurement of electrical activation and mechanical dyssynchrony in heart failure (HF) patients is scarce but may contain important mechanistic and diagnostic clues. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the electromechanical (EM) coupling in HF patients with prolonged QRS duration. METHODS: Ten patients with QRS width >120 ms underwent left ventricular (LV) electroanatomic contact mapping using the Noga® XP system (Biosense Webster). Recorded voltages during the cardiac cycle were converted to maps of depolarization time (TD). Electrode positions were tracked and converted into maps of time-to-peak shortening (TPS) using custom-made deformation analysis software. Correlation analysis was performed between the 2 maps to quantify EM coupling. Simulations with the CircAdapt cardiovascular system model were performed to mechanistically unravel the observed relation between TD and TPS. RESULTS: The delay between earliest LV electrical activation and peak shortening differed considerably between patients (TPSmin-TDmin = 360 ± 73 ms). On average, total mechanical dyssynchrony exceeded total electrical activation (ΔTPS = 177 ± 47 ms vs ΔTD = 93 ± 24 ms, P <.001), but a large interpatient variability was observed. The TD and TPS maps correlated strongly in all patients (median R = 0.87, P <.001). These correlations were similar for regions with unipolar voltages above and below 6mV (Mann-Whitney U test, P = .93). Computer simulations revealed that increased passive myocardial stiffness decreases ΔTPS relative to ΔTD and that lower contractility predominantly increases TPSmin-TDmin. CONCLUSION: EM coupling in HF patients is maintained, but the relationship between TD and TPS differs strongly between patients. Intra-individual and inter-individual differences may be explained by local and global differences in passive and contractile myocardial properties