Effects of Bivalve Aquaculture on the Environment and Their Possible Mitigation: A Review

Bivalve aquaculture, in particular oyster, clam, scallop and mussel culture, is a globally increasing activity. Increased bivalve production translates inevitably into increased impact on the environment surrounding the aquaculture activities. The effects of this type of aquaculture on the environment are often considered less important compared to those of finfish culture. However, bivalves due to their natural characteristics are considered keystone species in the ecosystem and therefore they have the ability to affect the surrounding environment in both negative and positive ways. They influence primary and secondary productivity and start a series of cascade effects on water column and sediment population and dynamics. The purpose of this article is to present a review of the effects of bivalve aquaculture on the surrounding environment and the current mitigation strategies. In addition, this review highlights how the same natural characteristics of bivalves can positively interact with the environment, and the possible use of bivalve aquaculture as restoration and remediation tool for marine environments