The intriguing interaction of Escherichia coli with the host environment and innovative strategies to interfere with colonization: A summary of the 2019 E. coli and the Mucosal Immune System meeting

The 3rd E. coli and the Mucosal Immune System (ECMIS) meeting was held at Ghent University in Belgium from June 2-5, 2019. It brought together an international group of scientists interested in mechanisms of colonization, host response, and vaccine development. ECMIS distinguishes itself from related meetings on these enteropathogens by providing a greater emphasis on animal health and disease, and covering a broad range of pathotypes including enterohemorrhagic, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroaggregative, and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. As it is well-established that the genus Shigella represents a subspecies of E. coli, these organisms along with related enteroinvasive E. coli are also included. In addition, Tannerella forsythia, a periodontal pathogen, was presented as an example of a pathogen which uses its surface glycans for mucosal interaction. This review summarizes several highlights from the 2019 meeting and major advances to our understanding of the biology of these pathogens and their impact on the host