Production technology, productivity and fruit quality of once and twice bearing raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Rastlino Rubus idaeus L. botanično pravilno imenujemo malinjak, čeprav za njo pogosto uporabljamo kar ime malina. Malinjak se od preostalih sadnih rastlin razlikuje po tem, da je grm z dvoletnimi poganjki in trajnim koreninskim sistemom. Po poletnem zorenju plodov se dvoletni poganjki malinjaka posušijo in odmrejo. Malinjak je trajnica, katere življenjska doba je nekje 15 let. Plod malinjaka je sestavljen iz številnih drobnih koščičastih plodičev. Dozorel plod maline se ob obiranju sname iz cvetišča. Plod je lahko okrogel, stožčast ali izdolžen. Malina vsebuje veliko vitaminov, mineralov, sladkorjev in polifenolov. Glavni dejavnik, kateri vpliva na kakovost plodov, je genetska sestava, poleg te pa lahko na kakovost vplivajo tudi različne kmetijske prakse, zrelost plodov, okoljske razmere in sestava metabolitov. Malinjak je enkrat ali dvakrat rodna rastlina. Pri enkrat rodnih se na enoletnih poganjkih septembra in oktobra začnejo razvijati cvetni brsti. Iz njih se prihodnje leto razvijejo cvetovi in plodovi. Pri dvakrat rodnem malinjaku se začnejo cvetni brsti na vrhovih poganjkov razvijati že v začetku poletja. Ti brsti rodijo že v prvem letu. Po koncu zorenja se vrh posuši, zato ga odrežemo. Prihodnje leto se bo na spodnjem delu razvil še drugi pridelek, ki bo dozorel hkrati s plodovi enkrat rodnih malin. V tehnologiji pridelave se enkrat roden malinjak razlikuje od dvakrat rodnega predvsem v tem, da pri njemu izrezujemo dvoletne poganjke, pri dvakrat rodnem pa lahko izrezujemo tako enoletne kot dvoletne poganjke in izkoristimo en ali dva pridelka.The plant Rubus idaeus is botanically called raspberry, although the name raspberry is often used to name it. Raspberry differs from other fruit plants in characterizationit is a bush with biennial canes and a permanent root system. After summer ripening of the fruit, the two-year-old canes of the raspberry dry up and die. Raspberry is a perennial whose lifespan is around 15 years. The raspberry fruit consists of many tiny stone fruits. The ripe raspberry fruit is removed from the inflorescence when harvested. The fruit can be round, conical or elongated. Raspberries contain a lot of vitamins, minerals, sugars and polyphenols. The main factor influencing fruit quality is genetic composition, which can also be affected by different agricultural practices, fruit ripeness, environmental conditions and the composition of metabolites. Raspberry is one or twice bearing plant. In those floricane raspberries flower buds begin to develop on floricanes in September and October, flowers and fruits develop next year. In primocane raspberries, flower buds on the tops of the canes begin to develop at the beginning of summer. These buds fertile in the first year. At the end of ripening, the top dries, so we cut it off. Next year, another crop will be developed in the lower part, which will ripen at the same time as the fruits of floricane raspberries. In the production technology, a floricane raspberry differs from a primocane raspberry mainly in the fact that we cut out floricanes, in primocane raspberry we can cut out both primocanes and floricanes and take advantage one or two yield