Medical, cognitive and motor outcome after treatment of pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa in childhood

Introduction: Pilocytic astrocytoma is the most common brain tumour in childhood. The aim of the studies was to investigate late medical, cognitive and motor complications in patients treated in childhood for pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa. Methods: We present a retrospective study including 193 children treated for CNS tumours 1995-2006 and, from the same cohort, 3 descriptive studies including 20 patients (out of 27 eligible patients) treated for pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa 1995-2011. The patients participated in an interview, a neurological investigation, screening tools for psychiatric symptoms, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and tests of cognitive, language, academic and motor functions. Results: Ten patients reported problems with motor skills, mainly from the upper limbs, and 8 reported learning difficulties. None had low results in screening for psychiatric symptoms or HRQoL. Intelligence tests showed average results, but 5 scored <-1 SD (70-84) and 3 low average (85-92) on full scale IQ. Patients scored average compared with norms in tests of executive function, except for significantly lower results in inhibition/switching (p= 0.004). In language and academic tests patients scored significantly lower results in naming ability (p=0.049), inference (p=0.046) and reading speed (p=0.024). Results in tests of motor function were normal, but in the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, patients had significantly lower results in manual dexterity (p=0.008). In the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test, patients had significantly lower results compared with matched controls (p=0.036). Patients who reported learning difficulties had worse results in the performed tests. Conclusions: Although long-term functional outcome for patients treated for pilocytic astrocytoma was generally favourable, 40% of the patients display cognitive, learning and motor difficulties. Therefore, it is imperative to identify those in need of more thorough cognitive and motor follow-up programmes, including pedagogic interventions in school and training of motor functions.