The Compton camera is an imaging device for SPECT (Single Particle Emission Computed Tomography) of increased sensitivity compared to the Anger camera as it does not require mechanical collimation. The goal of this thesis is to evaluate the improvements that Compton camera may bring for nuclear medicine applications, depending both on technological developments and data processing techniques, among which the tomographic reconstruction is currently a bottleneck. In Compton camera imaging, the acquisition model is based on the integral of the intensity of the source on conical shapes. Modeling the measurement uncertainties in the system matrix can strongly influence the result of the list mode MLEM iterative reconstruction algorithm. One of t...