Molecular and biochemical characterization of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol degradation via the 1,2,4-benzenetriol pathway in a Gram-negative bacterium

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4NP) is the most common chlorinated nitrophenol pollutant, and its environmental fate is of great concern. Cupriavidus sp. CNP-8, a Gram-negative bacterium, has been reported to degrade 2C4NP via the 1,2,4-benzenetriol (BT) pathway, significantly different from the (chloro)hydroquinone pathways reported in all other Gram-negative 2C4NP-utilizers. Herein, the BT pathway of the catabolism of 2C4NP in this strain was characterized at the molecular, biochemical, and genetic levels. The hnp gene cluster was suspected to be involved in the catabolism of 2C4NP because the hnp genes are significantly upregulated in the 2C4NP-induced strain CNP-8 compared to the uninduced strain. HnpAB, a two-component FAD-dependent monooxygenase, catalyzes the conversion of 2C4NP to BT via chloro-1,4-benzoquinone, with a K-m of 2.7 +/- 1.1 mu M and a k(cat)/K-m of 0.17 +/- 0.03 mu M-1 min(-1). hnpA is necessary for strain CNP-8 to utilize 2C4NP in vivo. HnpC, a BT 1,2-dioxygenase, was proved to catalyze BT ring-cleavage with formation of maleylacetate by HPLC-MS analysis. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HnpA likely has different evolutionary origin compared to other functionally identified 2C4NP monooxygenases. To our knowledge, this is the first report revealing the catabolic mechanism of 2C4NP via the BT pathway in a Gram-negative bacterium, increasing our knowledge of the catabolic diversity for microbial 2C4NP degradation at the molecular and biochemical level