Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms with a high biotechnological potential. They have many industrial applications, including biofuel and wastewater treatment. Nevertheless, controlling optimal growth conditions for full-scale outdoor cultivation of microalgae is challenging. Mathematical models based on differential equations are of great help to better manage these nonlinear and dynamical systems. The aim of this thesis is to better understand how different factors such as the availability of light and nutrients affect microalgae growth in high density cultures. In a first part, we study the impacts of photo-inhibition and medium turbidity when microalgae growth is only limited by light. Then, we analyse the long-term behaviour o...