Decision Making of Women with Early Stage Breast Cancer: a Qualitative Study of Treatment Choices (Health, Counseling).

Nursing, as a practice discipline, has become increasingly aware of the needs of patients facing decisional uncertainty. Treatment of early stage breast cancer represents a paradigm of a choice experi- ence that rests upon a patient's personal determination of what is best for her health and her body. The purpose of this study was to describe the decision making experience of women diagnosed with early stage breast cancer. A Grounded Theory methodology was employed using a comparative analysis technique developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967). Forty-eight women were interviewed between diagnosis and treatment. Analysis revealed that subjects represented the decision problem in different ways. Three frames were identified and named by the activities that described subjects' representation of the problem. Subjects considered subsets of each treatment alternative, called dimensions, and identified these as: expediency safety, survival, health, and body integrity. In increasing order of complexity the decision frames are termed Preference Frame, Difference Frame, and Comparison Frame. Boundaries between the three frames were established by five empirical characteristics: age, conflict, information, risk, and deliberation. Subjects (N = 7) using the Preference Frame considered only one alternative and made quick, conflict free choices. These sub- jects were older ((')X = 56 years) and tended to accept the physician's recommended treatment, and avoided use of information or decision support. The Difference Frame (N = 18) is distinguished by evidence that the subject considered more than one treatment alternative. Subjects ordered and valued the dimensions of alternatives and based their decision upon the first difference noted, termed the "first-difference" rule. Subjects were younger ((')X = 47 years), experienced vacillation when weighing the attractive and unattractive dimensions of each option. Subjects using the Comparison Frame (N = 6) were the youngest ((')X = 40 years), they experienced high conflict, extensive delibera- tion, and used a wealth of technical information. Decisions were made according to a subjective final analysis called the "last-difference" rule. Variations in decision behavior can be accounted for by the structure subjects used to represent the decision problem. Findings suggest the descriptive model identified in this study can identify patients who could benefit from a structured nursing intervention.Ph.D.NursingUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/160857/1/8600529.pd