Analysis of volatile organic compounds during the OCTAVE campaign : sources and distributions of formaldehyde on Reunion Island

The Oxygenated Compounds in the Tropical Atmosphere: Variability and Exchanges (OCTAVE) campaign aimed to improve the assessment of the budget and role of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in tropical regions, and especially over oceans, relying on an integrated approach combining in situ measurements, satellite retrievals, and modeling. As part of OCTAVE, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured using a comprehensive suite of instruments on Reunion Island (21.07 degrees S, 55.38 degrees E) from 7 March to 2 May 2018. VOCs were measured at a receptor site at the Maido observatory during the entire campaign and at two source sites: Le Port from 19 to 24 April 2018 (source of anthropogenic emissions) and Belouve from 25 April to 2 May 2018 (source of biogenic emissions) within a mobile lab. The Maido observatory is a remote background site located at an altitude of 2200 m, whereas Belouve is located in a tropical forest to the east of Maido and Le Port is an urban area located northwest of Maido. The major objective of this study was to understand the sources and distributions of atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) in the Maido observatory on Reunion Island. To address this objective, two different approaches were used to quantify and determine the main drivers of HCHO at Maido. First, a chemical-kinetics-based (CKB) calculation method was used to determine the sources and sinks (biogenic, anthropogenic/primary, or secondary) of HCHO at the Maido site. The CKB method shows that 9% of the formaldehyde formed from biogenic emissions and 89% of HCHO had an unknown source; that is, the sources cannot be explicitly described by this method. Next, a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied to characterize the VOC source contributions at Maido. The PMF analysis including VOCs measured at the Maido observatory shows that the most robust solution was obtained with five factors: secondary biogenic accounting for 17%, primary anthropogenic/solvents (24%), primary biogenic (14%), primary anthropogenic/combustion (22%), and background (23%). The main contributions to formaldehyde sources as described by the PMF model are secondary biogenic (oxidation of biogenic VOCs with 37%) and background (32%). Some assumptions were necessary concerning the high percentage of unknown HCHO sources of the CKB calculation method such as the biogenic emission factor resulting in large discrepancies between the two methods