VIENNA DURING THE LIFETIME OF JAN KŘTITEL VAŇHAL

Za istraživanje života i stvaralaštva pojedinog umjetnika nedvojbeno može koristiti i rekonstrukcija vremena u kojemu je umjetnik živio. Povijesni, politički i socijalno-kulturni okviri vremena pružaju naime važna izvorišta spoznaja o načinu života i o vanjskim utjecajima koji su mogli djelovati na umjetnikov način razmišljanja i na njegov odnos prema okolini i ljudima koji su mu bili suvremenici. Tako je s pravom moguće pretpostaviti da je umjetnik koji je živio u 18. stoljeću bio pod utjecajem umjetničkih i socijalno-kulturnih oznaka svojega vremena i da se služio svim onim elementima i pojmovima koji su pripadali njegovom neposrednom socijalnom okružju, čak i onda kada mu je uspjevalo da te vremenske i socijalno-kulturne okvire nadiđe svojom vlastitom kreativnošću. Kako je tema ovoga priloga Beč u vrijeme života skladatelja Jana Křtitela Vaňhala, iscrpno je istraženo vrijeme od 1740. do 1813. godine, kada je Vaňhal umro. Bilo je to razdoblje Monarhije na čelu s vladarima iz dinastije Habsburg, pa je tako promotreno vrijeme habsburških vladara Marije Terezije, Josipa II., Leopolda II. i Franje II. Budući da su osobito kraljica Marija Terezija i car Josip II. posvećivali znatnu pozornost glazbi, jedno je poglavlje posvećeno odnosu Habsburgovaca prema toj umjetnosti. U daljnjem je tekstu predstavljen grad Beč kao središte Monarhije koja je okupljala mnoge nacije i njihova posebna svojstva, a detaljno su opisane i životne potrebe Bečana u 18. stoljeću. Cjelina istraživanja opisuje Beč kao metropolu u kojoj je glazba bila osobito cijenjena, u kojoj su postojala mnoga mjesta na kojima je glazba bila izvođena i različiti društveni slojevi koji su glazbu primali, te koja je zbog svega toga imala osobitu privlačnu snagu za podanike iz drugih naroda pod vlašću Habsburgovaca.For the research of life and creative work of an artist it is withouth doubt very usefull to reconstruct the time in which he or she lieved. The historical, political and socio-cultural frame of time can be a very important sources of knowledge about the way of life and about the influences which were active, taking into account the way of thinking and the artist’s relation towards his surroundings and people who were his contemporaries. So it can be supposed that an artis who lived during the 18th century stood under the influences of the artistic and socio-cultural characteristics of his time and that he used all the elements and notions that belonged to his social surrounding, even then when he succeded to overcome them by his creativity. Since the subject of this paper concerns Vienna during the lifetime of Jan Křtitel Vaňhal, the research has been done taking into account the period from 1740 to 1813, the year when Vaňhal died. It was the time of the Monarchy during the reign of the Habsburg dinasty, so the periods reigned by Maria Theresia, Joseph II., Leopold II. and Franz II.were analysed. Since Maria Theresia and the zar Joseph II. paid an important attention to music, one chapter is dedicated to the approach of Habsburg dinasty to this art. Furthe in the text Vienna is introduced as the center of the Monarchy which was inhabited by many different nationalities who had their individual characteristics. The habits and life needs by Vienna population are described as well. The whole paper gives a description of Vienna as a metropole in which music was very highly appreciated, in which there have been many places where music was played and in which different layers of the population received music, which had a strong attraction for other nations that have been under the rule of the Habsburg dinasty