Religion and Faith. Universal Religious Experience and Christian Specificity According to Romano Guardini

U ovom članku nastojat ćemo preispitati, doduše, u poprilično sažetom obliku, odnos između vjere i religije u spisima Romana Guardinija. Opće fenomenološko ozračje prve polovice XX. stoljeća, napose u Njemačkoj, gdje je Guardini proveo sav svoj vijek, sigurno je bitno pridonijelo njegovoj analizi religioznog iskustva. Pitanje koje se rađa iz analize pojma religije može se uzeti kao gledište za određivanje posebnosti kršćanske vjere jer ta posebnost nije izvan obzora antropološke analize. Rad je podijeljen u dva dijela. U prvom dijelu želimo osvijetliti povijesne pretpostavke pitanja odnosa između vjere i religije nastojeći prepoznati u Guardinijevim tekstovima ’nevidljive’ sugovornike s kojima vodi intelektualni dijalog (F. Schleiermacher, A. Harnack, K. Barth, R. Otto, G. van der Leeuw, M. Scheler i drugi). U drugom dijelu pokušat ćemo sustavno precizirati odnos između kršćanske vjere i općega religioznog iskustva. Taj odnos ilustrirat ćemo izlaganjima iz Guardinijevih dvaju temeljnih tekstova: Die Offenbarung i Religiöse Erfahrung und Glaube. On pokušava dva pristupa fenomenu religije, Schleiermacherov i Barthov, koji su, čini se, potpuno međusobno nespojivi, postaviti u jedan konstruktivni odnos, tako da na temelju njihovih teza gradi vlastitu viziju. Pretkršćanske i izvankršćanske religije, kao i naravna religioznost, nisu samo preludij povijesne Božje objave nego one imaju značenje u samima sebi te sadržavaju veliko bogatstvo iskustava, mitova i simbola koje kršćanstvo kao religija objave može zahvalno prihvatiti. Ipak, Guardini uvjerljivo pokazuje da se potpuni smisao cjelokupne naravne religioznosti otvara čovjeku tek u svjetlu Božje objave u Isusu Kristu.This article discusses, though in a very concise way, the relationship between faith and religion in the works of Romano Guardini. The general phenomenological atmosphere of the first half of the 20th century, especially in Germany where Guardini spent his life, has certainly contributed tremendously to his analysis of religious experience. The question that surfaces from an analysis of the concept of religion can be taken as a perspective that allows one to pinpoint the specificity of Christian faith, because that specificity is not beyond the horizon of the anthropological analysis. The article has been divided into two parts. In the first part the author aims to cast light on historical presuppositions of the issue of relationship between faith and religion, while trying to recognise ‘invisible’ interlocutors in Guardini’s texts, with whom this theologian led intellectual dialogue (F. Schleiermacher, A. Harnack, K. Barth, R. Otto, G. van der Leeuw, M. Scheler and others). In the second part the author attempts to systematically specify the relation between Christian faith and universal religious experience. This relationship will be illustrated by discourses fromtwo of Guardini’s fundamental texts: Die Offenbarung and Religiöse Erfahrung und Glaube. Guardini attempted to combine two approaches to the phenomenon of religion, Schleiermacher’s and Barth’s, which are, it seems, entirely incompatible, into one constructive relationship, so that he might use their theses to build his own vision. Pre-Christian and non-Christian religions, as well as natural religiosity, are not only a prelude to historical Divine revelation, but instead they have their own internal meaning and contain great richness of experience, myths, and symbols, which Christianity, as a religion of revelation, can gratefully accept. However, Guardini shows convincingly that the full meaning of the entire natural religiosity is disclosed to the human being only in light of the Divine revelation in Jesus Christ