Jalžabet Between the Past and the Future

U ovoj studiji su prikazani rezultati dva istraživanja društveno-ekonomskih i socijalnih odnosa u životu stanovnika naselja Jalžabet.Osnovna ispitivanja i obradu prikupljenog materijala timovi su završili potkraj godine 1962, a dopunska istraživanja su nastavljena sve do 1965.Ponovljeno istraživanje u razdoblju od 1982—1985. imalo je isti cilj kao i prethodno. Polazeći od rezultata istraživanja razvoja Jalžabeta od godine 1842. do godine 1962. željelo se utvrditi i analizirati društveno-ekonomske i socijalne promjene za razdoblje od 1962—1982. U okviru tog globalnog zadatka težište istraživanja usmjereno je na promjene u društvenim odnosima, agrarnoj strukturi, strukturi proizvodnje, strukturi populacije, zatim na mijenjanje vlasničkog odnosa i vlasničkog mentaliteta prema zemlji, mijenjanje socijalne strukture i proces izgradnje novih društvenih odnosa u sistemu društvenog samoupravljanja i neposredne socijalističke demokracije u mjesnoj zajednici.U razdoblju do godine 1945, stanovništvo sela Jalžabet prolazilo je kroz etapu kasnog feudalizma i s puno feudalnih ostataka, kroz etapu kapitalizma.Feudalni sistem ujedinio je u feudalcu pravo upravljanja zemljom feudom i vlast nad kmetovima. Kmetovi su na obrađivanju za svoju egzistenciju imali dio feudalčeve zemlje koja se zvala selište. Uživanje kmetovi su plaćali rentom u radnoj snazi i naturi (u kasnijem feudalizmu i u novcu) i svojom podložnošću feudalcu u svakom pogledu.Na selištima kmetovi su živjeli u kućnim zadrugama, veći broj porodica zajedno. Takva organizacija zadruge odgovarala je naturalnoj proizvodnji, vrlo niskoj produktivnosti rada i općem siromaštvu.Nakon ukinuća kmetskih odnosa, makar i djelomično, počeo je prodirati novac u odnose jalžabetskih seljaka. Naglo su se stvarala inokosna porodična gospodarstva, što je dovodilo do raspada kućnih zadruga. Proces diferencijacije i raslojavanja seljaštva tekao je brzo.Na ekonomsko stanje i odnose u poslijeratnom Jalžabetu, a naročito od 1962. do 1982, imali su odraza brojni faktori, među kojima su agrarna reforma, utjecaj industrijalizacije na ekonomski položaj i odnose stanovništva Jalžabeta, mogućnosti prodaje, odnosno povećana potražnja poljoprivrednih proizvoda, tehnička d agrotehnička sredstva, privredne organizacije u naselju i drugo.Broj poljoprivrednih gospodarstava u razdoblju od 140 godina (od raspadanja kućnih zadruga i formiranja katastarske općine do 1981. godine) povećavao se za šest puta, a broj stanovnika za 2,3 puta. To povećanje gospodarstava je u prvom redu rezultat cijepanja, dioba i formiranja novih porodičnih gospodarstava. Agrarnom reformom likvidiran je posjed vlastelinstva i crkve.Do oslobođenja nerješivi problemi prenapučenosti Jalžabeta počeli su se rješavati industrijalizacijom Jugoslavije. Industrijalizacija se održavala u Jalžabetu 1) na mogućnost zaposlenja viška radne snage izvan poljoprivrede; 2) na znatno proširenje mogućnosti prodaje poljoprivrednih proizvoda i 3) na tehničku i tehnološku revoluciju i promjene u načinu proizvodnje.Podaci popisa individualnih seljačkih gospodarstava godine 1960. pokazuju da na porodičnim gospodarstvima radi 439 muškaraca i žena, 82 osobe su stalno, a 15 povremeno zaposlene izvan poljoprivrede. U godini 1981. radi 348 osoba, od čega su 234 žene i 114 muškaraca na gospodarstvima. Istovremeno izvan poljoprivrede zaposlene su 204 osobe. U godini 1985. taj je broj povećan.Novi društveno-ekonomski odnosi u privređivanju uvjetovali su novi tip gospodarstva u Jalžabetu, tzv. mješovito gospodarstvo u kojem porodice žive od prihoda iz dva izvora: od poljoprivrede i od rada izvan poljoprivrede. Od ukupno 218 gospodarstava 2/3 čine mješovita gospodarstva.U času ispitivanja 1981. godine u selu postoje 64 traktora i svega pet konja. Traktori su ekipirani gotovo svim priključnim pomoćnim strojevima. U posljednjih 20 godina u potpunosti se izmijenila struktura poljoprivrednih oruđa.U godini 1945. u Jalžabetu je postojala osnovna škola sa četiri razreda i četiri učitelja; u školskoj godini 1956/57. Jalžabet već ima osmogodišnju školu sa 10 učitelja i nastavnika; 1981. godine škola ima 17 nastavnika. Škola se ističe izvannastavnim aktivnostima u kojima sudjeluje velik broj omladine i nastavnika.Svi stanovnici Jalžabeta su socijalno i zdravstveno osigurani. Zdravstveni izvještaji govore o smanjenju bolesti koje su ranije bile rezultat neishranjenosti, nehigijenskog življenja i premalog zdravstvenog prosvjećivanja.Danas socijalno ugroženih u Jalžabetu nema.U vrijeme ispitivanja godine 1961. bilo je u Jalžabetu 226 stambenih kuća sa 226 porodičnih domaćinstava. U godini 1981. u Jalžabetu je bilo 218 stambenih zgrada. Svako domaćinstvo ima, u pravilu, svoju stambenu zgradu sa, u prosjeku, više od tri sobe. Veličina stambenog prostora po osobi se kreće čak do 25 m2. Od 218 stambenih zgrada 134 imaju vodovod, kanalizaciju i električnu struju, 101 imaju kupaonice i WC.U razvitku porodičnih odnosa u razdoblju između 1961. do 1981. godine ima zapaženih promjena. Od pretežno autarhične poljoprivredne porodice, u kojoj većina članova živi od poljoprivrede, u posljednjih 25 godina prevladala je mješovita porodica, u kojoj žive radnici, zanatlije, službenici, đaci, studenti i poljoprivrednici u isto vrijeme. Nema predenja, tkanja, čehanja perja itd. Ukućani nose industrijsku odjeću. Značajno je da su mnogi mladi bračni parovi otišli u grad, ali neki od njih su se i vratili da nastave porodični život u Jalžabetu.U ispitivanju aspiracija omladine u Jalžabetu, na pitanje o budućem zanimanju, niti jedan ispitanik nije se želio baviti samo poljoprivredom.Rezultati ovih istraživanja nam omogućuju da, između ostalog, analiziramo razvoj sela od klasičnog do mješovitog i urbaniziranog naselja te tipove čisto seljačkog i mješovitog gospodarstva, da damo neke odgovore na pitanja kakvo je mjesto i uloga seljaštva u suvremenim socijalnim uvjetima, kao i da utvrdimo mjesto i ulogu urbaniziranog sela u daljnjem razvoju socijalističkog samoupravnog društva.Ovo istraživanje, pored ostalog, je i primjer longitudinalnog i multiđiscipli- narnog istraživanja, u kome više istraživača obrađuje pojedine segmente života jedne zajednice, u ovom slučaju sela Jalžabet.This article presents the results of two studies into the economic and social relations and life of the inhabitants of Jalžabet. The village of Jalžabet covers 9.7 square kilometres and is about 15 kilometres to the south-east of Varaždin which is the commune centre. It lies on hilly ground between the hills of Ivančica and Kalnik. At the beginning of the research project it had 893 inhabitants in 227 households. The teams finished the basic research and material processing by the end of 1962, but additional research was continued until 1965. The renewed study in the period 1982—1985 had the same purpose as the first one. Using the results of research into the development of Jalžabet between 1842 and 1962, the authors tried to single out and analyze the economic and social changes in the period 1962—1982. Within the framework of that overall task, the accent was laid on: changes in social relations, in the agrarian structure, production structure and population structure, in landownership relations and mentality, and in the social structure. The development of new social relations in the system of self-management and direct socialist democracy in the local comunity were also a subject of study. In their study of Jalžabet, the researchers made a singular synthesis of the 140-year- -development of the village. In the period up to 1945, the villagers of Jalžabet lived through the stage of late feudalism and through the stage of capitalism, in which many remains of feudalism could still be felt. The feudal system united the feudal lord’s right to hold the land — the fief, and his power over the serfs. Part of the fief, the farms, the serfs worked for their own use and paid rent or the use of the farms in labour and in kind (in later fiudalism in money, as well), and also through their subservience to the feudal lord in every sense. On their land the serfs lived in extended families (zadrougas). This type of social organization corresponded with subsistence production, very low work productivity and poverty in general. After sefdom was even partially abolished, money began to penetrate interpersonal relations in Jalžabet. The extended families broke up and family households consisting only of parents and their children quickly began to develop. The process of differentiation among the peasants was very rapid. Many factors influenced economic life and relations in post-war Jalžabet, especially between 1962 and 1982. They included: the land reform, the impact of industrialization on the economic position and on interpersonal relations in Jalžabet, possibilities of selling, i. e. the increased demand for agricultural produce, the use of modern farming methods, the appearance of business organizations in the village and so on. The number of farming families in the period of 140 years (from the breakup of the extended families and land registration, to 1981) increased six times, and the number of inhabitants 2.3 times. This increase in the number of f amily farms was primarily the result of the breakup, division and formation of new family farms. The industrialization of post-war Yugoslavia began to solve the previously insoluble problems of overpopulation in Jalžabet. For Jalžabet industrialization meant: 1) the possibility of employing surplus labour outside agriculture; 2) much greater possibilities of selling agricultural products, and 3) a technical and technological revolution in farming methods. Data from the 1960 census on private farms show that 439 men and women worked on the family farms, 82 persons were permanently and 15 occasionally employed outside agriculture. In 1981, 348 persons worked on the farms, 234 women and 114 men, and 204 persons were employed outside agriculture. In 1985 that number increased. New socio-economic relations resulted in a new type of farm in Jalžabet, the so-called part-time farm, in which the family lives from the income from two sources: from farming and from work outside the farm. Of a total of 218 households, 2/3 are part-time households. At the time of the research in 1981, the village had 64 tractors and only five horses. The tractors were supplied with almost all the necessary equipment. During the last 20 years the structure of farming tools changed completely. In 1945, Jalžabet had a four-year primary school with four teachers; in the school year 1956/57 Jalžabet had an eight-year primary school with 10 teachers; in 1981 the school had 17 teachers. The school excels in extra-curricular activities in which a large number of pupils and teachers participate. All the inhabitants of Jalžabet have . social and health insurance. Health reports show a decrease of diseases that were the result of malnutrition, unhygienic conditions of life and low health education. Today there are no socially endangered inhabitants in Jalžabet. Nutrition has improved greatly in Jalžabet, both in quantity and in variety. In 1985 the consumption of milk, eggs, meat, sausages and smoked meat made at home or purchased, and sugar and oil, increased. Maize began to disappear as a food for human consumption and became exclusively cattle food. In 1961, Jalžabet had 226 houses with 226 households. In 1981, Jalžabet had 218 houses. As a rule, each family has its own home with an average of over three rooms. There is as much as 25 square metres living space per person. Of the 218 homes, 134 have tapwater, sewage and electrical power, 101 have bathrooms and WC. There have been great changes in family relations in the period between 1961 and 1981. The predominantly autarchic farming family, most of whose members lived from agriculture, has in the last 25 years turned into the part-time family with workers, craftsmen, clerical workers, schoolchildren, students and farmers all at the same time. There is no more spinning, weaving, picking feathers and so on. The family members wear ready-made clothes. It is significant that many young married couples went to the city, but some of them returned to continue their family life in Jalžabet. When the wishes of the Jalžabet youth were examined, not a single respondent wanted his future occupation to be only work on the farm. In the 40 post-war years most of the greatest economic, social and political problems, for whose solution the peasants of Jalžabet fought for over 140 j^ears, have been solved. The research results enable us to analyze the development of the village from a classical to a part-time and urbanized settlement, and also the different types of households, purely farming and part-time. They also give some answers to questions about the place and role of the peasantry in modern society and help establish the place and role of the urbanized village in the further development of the socialist self-management society. This study is also an example of longitudinal and interdisciplinary research, in which different researchers treat different segments of the life of a community, in this case the village of Jalžabet