The Structure Conduct and Performance of the International Container Shipping Industry

[[abstract]]貨櫃船舶運輸發展至今已逾50年，傳統散裝貨船已被定期貨櫃船取代，成為海上運輸之主流。本研究依據產業經濟理論(structure-conduct-performance；SCP)，及聯立迴歸之研究方法(simultaneous equation model；SEM)並建立市場占有率、船舶大型化、利潤率及平均運價四條方程式以檢視整體國際貨櫃運輸市場之結構、行為及績效之關的關係。本研究之研究樣本為前二十五大國際貨櫃航商中十二家可得資料樣本，且本研究期間為2003年至2012年，依據本研究實證分析結果得知： 一、在競爭激烈的環境下，貨櫃船舶大型化對市占率有正向影響。但在大型化的熱潮下，市場上貨櫃供給和需求失衡時，使聯營對航商市占率有負向顯著影響。 二、在國際貨櫃運輸市場上，規模較大的航商通常有較大的市占率及航線數，大型船舶正好可以滿足其競爭上的優勢。此外，國際新造貨櫃船價格就成為航商在進行投資時的參考指標。最後，在營運模式上透過聯營可降低其共同經營航線的貨櫃單位運輸成本，以達到改善投資報酬的目的。 三、由於大型船舶具有減少單位運輸成本的優勢，因此對於航商利潤有正向的影響。接著，在低利率時代，使用租賃船舶對利潤有負向影響，且國際油價直接反映出航商的成本高低。最後，國際景氣的波動下，影響航商利潤。 四、在油價高漲時期，航商為了反映成本，加收額外的燃油附加費用。市場景氣及兩個時間虛擬變數對運價有正向顯著影響，但全球總艙位增加卻和平均運價有負向影響。[[abstract]]Container shipping industry has developed over fifty years and replaced the tramp to be a tendency in international shipping industry This study applies S-C-P and constructs four equations market share containership enlargement ratio of profitability and average freight to investigate the relationships among the structure conduct and performance in international container shipping industry In empirical study the sample covers 12 leading shipping liners with a data spanning from 2003 to 2012 This study has reached the following results: 一、Under the fierce competition containership enlargement has positive relationship to the market share Due to the over capacity joint venture has significantly negative relationship to the market share 二、The large scale carriers often adopt large containerships to meet its competitive advantage In addition the price of new containership has significantly negative relationship to containership enlargement Joint venture has significantly positive relationship to containership enlargement 三、Containership enlargement has a positive relationship to carrier’s profit And in the era of low interest rates chartered containership has significantly negative relationship to profit Finally the global economic growth has significantly positive relationship to carrier’s profit 四、Carriers surcharge the BAF in order to reflect the cost of fuel The economic growth and two time dummy variables have significantly positive relationship to freight level but the global shipping capacity has significantly negative relationship to freight leve