Factors Affecting the Demand for Public Transport- the Case of Kaohsiung

[[abstract]]由於經濟發展，都會地區人口密度升高，民眾使用私有運具的情況提高，對空氣造 成的汙染更加嚴重，也導致其他外部成本的增加如交通壅塞、通勤時間長與道路安全等 問題會日益嚴重，特別是目前全球關注的氣候變遷議題。政府間氣候變化專門委員於 2007 綜合報告中指出，二氧化碳(CO2)是最主要的人為溫室氣體，而2004 年人為排放的 二氧化碳中，因交通所產生的二氧化碳排放量約佔11%。過去，台灣民眾因為國民所得 增加，使得私人運具持有量持續增加。然而，現今台灣除了台北的大眾運輸系統建設最 完善且使用率較高之外，其他地區使用率普遍偏低。 高雄為台灣第二大城，比較世界其他大眾運輸發達之城市如新加坡、倫敦以及東 京，其人口密度還不及合併前之高雄，因此人口密度並非造成高雄大眾運輸使用率低的 原因，但其汽機車持有輛低，且大眾運輸網也較密集，汽機車持有率較低，且政府都有 訂定法規來限制私人運具的使用，因此在大眾運輸使用率較高。雖然說大眾運輸的提 供本質並不以營利為目的，因為一般而言認為大眾運輸與私人運輸比較起來對環境具備 有正的外部性特質。除此之外，大眾運輸在某些範圍內，是具備有公共財的特性，甚或 是賦予給人民基本的行的權力的責任。上述這幾種特性將使任由市場自由運作會有市場 運作無效率的狀況發生(市場失靈)，也給予政府介入的理論基礎。但供給面的大改變通 常牽涉大筆的資本投入，若需求面的因素的改變，如價格、服務品質或資訊的改變，是 否有足夠的改變以消費者的選擇而影響都市的運輸樣貌。 因此本計畫之目的為:1 探討大高雄地區民眾旅運選擇因素，以了解大眾運輸使用率 偏低之因；2 探討大眾運輸服務品質及大眾運輸服務資訊對大眾運輸使用之影響；3 探 討不同的運輸管理政策，如大眾運輸票價補貼，收取停車費用等政策，對民眾運具選擇 上的影響性。[[abstract]]As the economic development, the population density is enhanced in urban area. In addition, more people want to possess vehicles making the ambient pollution problem even worse and so are other associated externality costs, especially, the global concerned climate change impacts. In 2007, IPCC reports that CO2 is the main greenhouse gas (GHG) and transportation accounts for 11% of the global anthropogenic GHGE. The registered car number in Taiwan increases also because of increasing GDP. However, the use of public transit is not a popular choice in transport mode choice except Taipei. Kaohsiung is the second largest city in Taiwan. Compare with other international cities population density in Kaohsiung is even higher than most cities. Therefore the population density is not the cause of low public transport use. However, other cities mostly have lower vehicle ownership and better public transit network and even more restrict government regulation on private vehicle/use. Although the purpose of the provision of public transport is non-profit, since generally speaking public transport exhibit some positive externalities sometimes even with public goods characteristic or at least some people believe it carries the basic human rights to move. Any of these properties are associated with market failure and giving governments the foundation to interfere. Nevertheless, the change on the supply side usually regard to huge money investment. We are wondering if the changes on the demand side such as price, service quality or information could cause enough change to reform the shape of urban transportation. Therefore, the purposes of this project are first to discuss factor affecting transport determination in Kaohsiung. Further to analyze the effects of service quality and information on public transport use. Finally to set up some policy management scenarios, such as price subsidy and parking fee charge, to analyze their impacts on mode choice.[[note]]NSC101-2410-H327-03