Influence of carbon tax price on capacitated warehouse location and transportation mode selection

[[abstract]]近年來世界各國開始重視環保、綠色能源及節能減碳等相關議題，許多國家更積極立法推動碳稅（carbon taxes）的徵收，以迫使企業與家庭積極思考節能減碳。因此，企業如何因應這波「綠色」衝擊，相信將成為未來競爭的關鍵。不論在過去、現在或是未來，倉庫區位的最佳化一直都是供應鏈管理中一個重要的課題，特別是倉庫網路與運輸網路決策的權衡。在物流作業中，因為運輸過程會造成大量碳排放，使得物流業者不得不重新審視整體物流網路的設計。本研究以Melkote & Daskin（2001b）提出的容量限制區位/網路設計模型為基礎，結合運輸模式的選擇，建構一個考量碳稅徵收下倉庫區位與運具選擇模型，以決定最佳的倉庫位置、數量、規模，以及最佳的運輸模式、路線，使物流網路總成本最小。本研究以歐洲國家為例進行範例測試，發現目前倡議的碳稅價格，不足以顯著影響倉庫區位決策。進一步改變模式參數加以探討結果發現，一般而言，不論需求大小，倉庫的設置都傾向集中化設置。在運具選擇上，需求量大時，鐵路與海運運輸較受青睞；在需求量小時，公路運輸較具經濟性。網路需求點之間的距離小時，企業倉庫應以集中化設置，運具選擇以公路運輸為主；當網路需求點之間的距離大時，企業可以採取多量、小規模倉庫的分散化設置，運具選擇以鐵路與海運為主。政府若提高碳稅價格，可以驅使運具選擇偏向海運與鐵路，亦即推動企業採用排碳量低的運具。[[abstract]]Issues related to environmental protections green energy and carbon reductions have gained great attentions in recent years Many countries have attempted or are attempting to levy carbon tax to force enterprises and families to take actions in saving energy and reducing carbon emissions Warehouse location optimization has been an important decision in supply chain management Since carbon emission during logistics process is significant it becomes mandatory for logistics industry to re-think the best practice of the overall logistics network design Based on the capacitated facility location/network design problem（CFLNDP）by Melkote & Daskin (2001b) a warehouse location and transportation mode selection model considering carbon tax is constructed to determine the optimal locations number and sizes of warehouses and the optimal routes and modes of the transport network Through estimated data set from European countries it is found that levy of carbon tax would not significantly change the warehouse location By changing the values of model parameters several detailed results are observed When the demand is large railroad and marine modes are preferred whereas trucks are favorable in small-demand situation Centralized warehouse network is suggested no matter the demand is large or small When the network is large railroad and marine modes are preferred and centralized warehouses are suggested When the network is small trucks is more efficient and localized small warehouses should be adopted The higher carbon tariff be more economical to use low-carbon transport vehicles such as trains and ship