Maximum Power Efficiency Charger IC Design for Solar and Wind Energy Conversion Systems

[[abstract]]邁入21世紀，石油價格的攀升受到全世界的關切，能源匱乏的危機逐漸浮現。石油價格的攀升帶動許多節能商品因應而生，但節能只能延長石油的使用年限，石油終究會耗盡。發展替代能源並研發有效管理使用能源技術的相關研究變成了重要的課題之一。替代能源中最常見之應用即是太陽能與風能，這都是大自然中隨處可得的能源，取之不盡，用之不竭。 太陽能與風能之輸出功率都會受到外界環境因素，如溫度、照度、風速等變化之影響，使得輸出效率降低。因此，藉由最大功率追蹤(Maximum Power Point Tracking, MPPT)技術，可改善太陽能與風能輸出功率受外界影響的問題。目前最大功率追蹤方法有擾動觀察法、增量電導法、類神經學習法…等。本論文中，已發展一新型最大功率追蹤法則，無須偵測外界溫度、照度、風速等變化，直接由太陽能與風能之輸出電壓與電流，找到使太陽能與風能輸出功率最大化之演算法。並利用脈波寬度調變(Pulse-Width Modulation, PWM) 技術，應用控制信號與三角載波做比較，以便將控制信號轉換成切換週期，藉此方式控制Power MOSFET作電壓調整(Voltage regulation)動作，來達到電源管理控制的目的，增加整個架構的電壓穩定度，並減少功率損失。 由於近年來互補金屬氧化半導體技術的發展，越來越多的電晶體與電路皆能夠製作在單一晶片上，消費性電子產品也於近幾年蓬勃發展，電源管理積體電路如高效率的切換式直流-直流轉換器均被設計於這些消費性電子產品上，用來提高產品的運作效率以及時間。然而這類型轉換器的類比式控制系統已經發展一段時間了，它已擁有相當成熟的技術；而近幾年來，數位式控制系統也經常被產學界所討論，於是本論文也已對電壓型切換式直流-直流轉換器中，研發兩種脈波寬度調變積體電路，一種是類比式脈波寬度調變器，另一種則是數位式脈波寬度調變器。此兩種架構的優缺點也已於本論文中被探討。 本論文結合太陽能與風能發電並利用MPPT技術與電源管理技術來整合出一套完整的充電系統，名為太陽能與風能最大效率之充電器設計。其中，類比-數位轉換器擔任了極重要的角色，並將於本論文中被討論。類比式控制積體電路的主要架構包含兩級式放大器、壓控振盪器、三角波產生器與遲滯比較器；數位式控制積體電路的主要架構包含數位脈波寬度調變器以及類比-數位轉換器。 這三種控制器積體電路透過財團法人國家實驗研究院晶片系統設計中心製造，使用台灣積體電路製造股份有限公司所提供的0.35um 2P4M 3.3V/5V Mixed Signal CMOS製造技術。類比式脈波寬度調變的晶片面積為1.48*1.23mm2，數位式脈波寬度調變的晶片面積為1.484*1.484mm2，類比-數位轉換器的晶片面積為1*1mm2。[[abstract]]Entering 21th century, the soaring price of petroleum is concerned by the universe. Owing to the crisis of energy shortage that is appearing gradually, a lot of energy-conserving products are invented to slow down the energy dissipation. But conserving energy can only extend a little year of petroleum usage; the petroleum will be exhausted eventually. Searching new energy and improving power management technologies have become more and more important. The most common applications of vicarious energies are solar and wind energies, they both can be obtained from nature environment and that are inexhaustible. Owing to the output power of solar and wind energies is affected by outside environment changing, such as temperature, illumination, wind velocity, etc, causing to drop efficiency of the output power. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technology can be employed to improve those problems of outside environment; the MPPT algorithms include the Perturbation and Observation method, the Incremental and Conductance method, the Neural Learning method, etc. In this thesis, a novel MPPT algorithm has been developed. Don’t need to sense changes of temperature, illumination and wind velocity from outside environment, but just sense the output voltage and current of solar and wind energies to find directly the maximum power point of solar and wind energies. Then use Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) technology, the controller command is got to compare with the triangle ramp of PWM for converting the control signal to the PWM switching duty. Depending on this algorithm to control the power MOSFETs can achieve the goal of power management and voltage regulation. Owing to rapid development of CMOS technologies, more and more transistors and circuits can be fabricated in a single chip. Consumer electronic products also have been developed rapidly in these years. Power management integrated circuits such as the highly efficient switch-mode DC-DC converters have been invented in these consumer electronic products for raising the power efficiency and lifetime. Nevertheless, the analog control schemes of switching converters have been developed for a long time, and more mature techniques are discussed in the past years. The digital control schemes of switching converters have been discussed by many papers and patents in these recent years. This thesis has introduced two kinds of PWM integrated circuits for the voltage-mode switching DC-DC converters. One is analog pulse-width modulator (APWM), and the other is digital pulse-width modulator (DPWM). The advantages and disadvantages between these two schemes are treated in this thesis. This research subject is focused on solar and wind energies conversion circuit and system that employ MPPT and power management technology to integrate a monolithic charger system. In this system, the analog to digital converter (ADC) act an important role that has been discussed in this thesis. The main structure of analog PWM controller IC concludes two-stage operational amplifier, voltage control oscillator, voltage ramp generator and hysteretic comparator. The main structures of digital PWM controller IC conclude digital pulse-width modulator and analog to digital converter. These three ICs have been fabricated with TSMC 0.35um 2P4M 3.3V/5V Mixed Signal CMOS process through CIC. The chip size of APWM is about 1.48*1.23 mm2. The chip size of DPWM is about 1.484*1.484 mm2. The chip size of ADC is about 1*1 mm2