The Evaluation of Asia-Pacific Area Harbors Operational Efficiency by applying Data Envelopment Analysis

[[abstract]]台灣四面環海，經濟發展幾乎仰賴國際貿易，更有99﹪對外貿易貨物是透過海運完成，可見港埠經營的良窳攸關台灣經濟的發展，而我國近年來卻面臨高雄港被釜山港及上海港超越、基隆港明顯衰退，及大陸沿海新興港埠如深圳港及青島港的快速成長，提醒著我國不可忽視鄰近港埠競爭威脅。藉由效率評估可以衡量港埠表現之優劣，並有助於了解本身的優勢與劣勢，體認競爭環境中可能存在的危機或轉機，以採取適當之因應措施，故一套公正客觀的效率評估工具實屬必要。本研究運用CCR模式、BCC模式及簡單交叉效率模式、D&G模式、A&P模式等DEA修正模式，針對亞太地區十個港埠進行經營效率的評估，以從各模式獲得多樣且互補之資訊，並採用1998-2001年的跨期資料來探討亞太地區港埠歷年效率變動及其原因。進一步便藉效率分析來判斷港埠營運無效率之原因；發現無效率來源後，以差額變數分析無效率港埠改善方向及幅度大小；再進一步運用規模報酬分析探討港埠的無效率營運可能是源自於不同規模報酬的營運，並以BCC模式之ΣU值判斷各受評港埠之規模報酬為遞增、遞減或固定。最後進行敏感度分析以探討哪些項目對效率提高的成效及影響較大。研究結果顯示，高雄港於各模式之營運效率表現每年皆不佳，在港埠資源利用率不足下，資源無有效運用，造成高雄港經營效率逐年下滑。而基隆港各模式衡量下，每年皆皆有不錯的效率表現，但基隆港之裝卸機具老舊、港域水深不足、港區後線腹地狹小的自然地理條件以及港區聯外道路交通延滯等港埠投入資源受限，致使貨源逐漸流失，而效率值呈現逐年下滑之趨勢。[[abstract]]Surrounded by seas, all of Taiwanese economic development nearly relies on international trade that even 99% of external trading goods are shipped by way of sea so that we can see how important harbor operation influences the economic development of Taiwan. However recently, as Kaohsiung harbor’s position is replaced by Pusan and Shanghai; plus with Keelung harbor’s trade volume is recessing obviously, new harbors along the coast of Mainland China such as Shenzhen and Qingdao are emerging to rapid growth, it reminds us of a threat that could not be neglected from our neighboring harbors. In order to assist the major harbors of our country to understand their own advantages and disadvantages and understand the potentially existent dangers and opportunities in a competitive environment so that they could adopt proper responsive measures for their own resources, applying a set of impartial and objective evaluative measures to conduct evaluation of efficiency is indeed quite necessary. In this study we have adopted the corrected DEA model that has been improved by recent scholars such as simple cross efficiency, D & G and A & P to enlarge the application of DEA and acquire multiple and complementary information about harbors. By the way, we have adopted a panel data ranging from 1998 to 2001 to evaluate harbor efficiency of the Asia-Pacific Area that we could not only perform a more accurate evaluation of harbor efficiency by way of data of more terms, but we could also discuss the changes of harbor efficiency for these years and the reasons why. When the holistic efficiency value of a harbor is less than 1, we have judged the reasons for the inefficiency of harbor operation based on the pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency. After locating the sources for inefficiency, he suggested to use slack variable analysis for the directions and sizes of the improvements for inefficient harbors. Then by use of return to scale analysis, explore the inefficient operation of the harbor may be originated from operations of returns to different scales. And based on the ΣU of BCC model, judge the return to scale for each evaluated harbor is increasing, decreasing or constant. Finally conduct a sensitivity analysis to discuss which items that manager should take care to influence and work more on the increase of efficiency