A Empirical Study on Innovation of Virtual Cluster of Micro-Enterprise

[[abstract]]自邁入工業經濟時代後，產業群聚對於企業競爭與國家經濟成長扮演著極為重要的角色，其既競爭又合作的組織模式，更為新興中小企業的發展帶來一線曙光。然而，隨著資訊科技、網際網路與無線通訊等技術的快速發展與應用，知識經濟時代已然來臨，且正逐漸地改變過去的傳統企業的經營模式與商業規則。本研究發現企業藉由網路之連結力群聚在一起的現象己隨處可見，但卻鮮少文獻能明確指出此一虛擬群聚之成因、效益與創新要素為何？因而讓人不禁想更進一步探究其與實體群聚之差異性。 由於「虛擬群聚」之創新學習的現象仍屬於較新且未臻成熟之理論，是故本研究將採取個案研究法來進行資料蒐集及分析，且挑選31家微型企業作為個案對象，並獲得下列之研究結果： 一、 實體「區域或地點」己非群聚之絕對要素 網際網路與ICT科技的出現，打破了以往產業群聚學者所強調之「區域性鄰近」的定律與其所帶來的優勢，「地點」己非是群聚的絕對要素。 二、 實體群聚與虛擬群聚之「學習模式」比較 以往傳統群聚創新所強調的方式，較屬於群聚參與者彼此之間的「集體學習」。然而，相對於實體群聚的「集體學習」，由於網際網路的資訊透明度高與搜尋成本極低，對於掌握競爭者的最新經營動態與商業行為亦變得更加容易，所以網路上的微型企業皆選擇單方且表面地學習與模仿，是故，微型企業於虛擬群聚上之學習模式較傾向於「個體學習」。 ii 三、 「顧客中心」的經營模式 不同於傳統群聚之觀點，「顧客」在虛擬群聚中扮演著極為重要之角色。微型企業可藉由虛擬群聚驚人的集客力，來獲得以往只具備相當規模之企業才能產生的規模經濟；其次，更可透過虛擬社群的經營來掌握顧客需求與市場趨勢，並且藉由與顧客互動與學習，進而累積知識與激發創新；最後，亦可利用虛擬社群來經營顧客關係，創造商店獨有的品牌形象與忠實且穩定的客源，以避免後進競爭者的仿模與競爭。[[abstract]]Since we entered the industrial economy industry cluster play a significant role in business competition and in the economic growth of a country Moreover the competitive and cooperative organization model also brings a light to the small and medium sized enterprises However by the progress and the application of internet and wireless communication technology the knowledge economy is coming and gradually changes the business models and business rules of traditional enterprises This research found out that the phenomenon of clusters which enterprises are linked by Internet is very common but seldom literatures can clearly point out the reasons the benefit and the innovation factors of the virtual clusters That is the reason why this paper want to discuss about the difference between virtual clusters and actual clusters Because of the innovative learning phenomenon of virtual clusters is an emerging and not mature theory this research applied case study in collecting data and analysis Moreover the research chooses 31 micro-enterprises as studying objects The conclusions are as followed: 一、 Actual area or location is not significant factor of clusters The emergency of Internet and ICT technology has already broken the rule of area proximity and its advantages which emphasized by cluster scholars before Location is not the most significant factor for cluster anymore 二、 The comparation of learning model between actual cluster and virtual cluster The cluster theories in the past tend to emphasize the “collective learning model” from all cluster participators However because of the highly disclosure information on Internet and the low searching cost it becomes more easily to handle the competitors’ latest movement and business strategy Thus the micro-enterprises will choose unilateral learning and imitating That is the reason why the micro-enterprises learning way tend to “individual learning model” iv 三、 Business model of customer centered Differ from the views of traditional cluster theory customers play a very important role on virtual clusters First micro-enterprises can gain scale economies which used to only form in the large corporation by amazing aggregation of customers of virtual cluster Second handle the market trends and what the customer needed by virtual cluster moreover accumulating knowledge and inspiriting innovation Last micro-enterprises can manage customer relationship establish unique image of brands and gather loyal and regular customers by virtual community in order to avoid the competition and imitation from future competitor