Small-signal modeling of pulse-width modulated switched-mode power converters

A power processing system is required to convert electrical energy from one voltage, current, or frequency to another with, ideally, 100-percent efficiency, together with adjustability of the conversion ratio. The allowable elements are switches, capacitors, and magnetic devices. Essential to the design is a knowledge of the transfer functions, and since the switching converter is nonlinear, a suitable modeling approach is needed. This paper discusses the state-space averaging method, which is an almost ideal compromise between accuracy and simplicity. The treatment here emphasizes the motivation and objectives of modeling by equivalent circuits based upon physical interpretation of state-space averaging, and is limited to pulse-width modulated dc-to-dc converters