CO_2 semiannual oscillation in the middle troposphere and at the surface

Using in situ measurements, we find a semiannual oscillation (SAO) in the midtropospheric and surface CO_2. Chemistry transport models (2-D Caltech/JPL model, 3-D GEOS-Chem, and 3-D MOZART-2) are used to investigate possible sources for the SAO signal in the midtropospheric and surface CO_2. From model sensitivity studies, it is revealed that the SAO signal in the midtropospheric CO_2 originates mainly from surface CO_2 with a small contribution from transport fields. It is also found that the source for the SAO signal in surface CO_2 is mostly related to the CO_2 exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere. By comparing model CO_2 with in situ CO_2 measurements at the surface, we find that models are able to capture both annual and semiannual cycles well at the surface. Model simulations of the annual and semiannual cycles of CO_2 in the tropical middle troposphere agree reasonably well with aircraft measurements