Investigation of the earthquake sequence off Miyagi prefecture with historical seismograms

We investigated the old seismograms of several earthquakes which occurred offshore of Miyagi prefecture in 1933 (June 18, 21:37 UT), 1936 (Nov. 2, 20:45 UT), 1937 (July 26, 19:56 UT), 1978 (June 12, 08:14 UT), and 2005 (Aug. 16, 02:46 UT). A characteristic earthquake model for the sequence of the 1936, 1978, and several other earlier events is the basis of the recent forecast by the Earthquake Research Committee (2003) that “The probability of the occurrence of another similar earthquake in the next 30 years is 99%”. To assess the validity of the characteristic earthquake model, we compared the waveforms, size and other characteristics of these earthquakes recorded at Pasadena, DeBilt, Abuyama, Aso, Weston, Strasbourg, and Christchurch. We conclude that (1) The 1978 event is 3 to 4.5 times larger (in seismic moment) than the 2005 event; (2) The 1936 and the 2005 events are about the same size and are fairly close in location; (3) The 1937 event is smaller than the 1936 event, and is significantly deeper, possibly as deep as 90 km. In contrast, the 1933 event is significantly shallower than the 1936 event. The differences between these events are too large to justify the use of a simple characteristic earthquake model for the probabilistic forecast. The seismic slip rate in this area and along the adjacent subduction zone to the south is about 1/4 of the plate convergence rate, which has an important implication for the long-term seismic hazard in this area.The 2005 West Off Fukuoka Prefecture earthquake caused serious damage to and on Genkai Island as well as to downtown Fukuoka City. There were no strong motion instruments on the island, therefore no one knows how the strong ground motion occurred during the mainshock. The ground motion simulation on Genkai Island is very important to our understanding of earthquake damage at the near-source region. We have conducted an aftershock observation on the island in order to verify site amplification due to steep topography and to record aftershocks for reproducing ground motion during the mainshock by the empirical Green’s function method. The observed records of aftershocks show small variations in the input motions in the island, indicating that the amplification due to the topography seems to be small below 2 Hz. We first estimated the strong motion generation area for the mainshock using the observation records at stations surrounding the source region. We then carried out broadband ground motion simulation on Genkai Island by using the aftershock records as empirical Green’s functions. The simulated ground velocities exceed 1 m/s with a dominant period of 1–2 s due to the forward rupture directivity, and the instrumental seismic intensity reaches 6.6