Confining ultrafine MoO2 in a carbon matrix enables hybrid Li ion and Li metal storage

Poor cycle and rate performance caused by volume effects and sluggish kinetics is the main bottleneck for most lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode materials run on the conversion reaction. Although nanostructure engineering has shown to be an effective method to reduce the undesirable volume effects, cycling instability usually remains in nanostructured electrodes owning to particle aggregation in discharge and loss of active materials in charge. Here, to make these kinds of materials practical, we have developed a structure of ultrafine MoO2\ua0nanoparticles