A 23000 year old record of paleoclimatic and environmental changes from the eastern Arabian Sea

Climate of the eastern Arabian Sea is highly influenced by both global climate and Indian monsoon. We produced multi-proxy records of benthic foraminiferal biofacies and stable isotope ratio (δC and δO), planktic foraminifera and total organic carbon (wt%) content of sediments from core SK291/GC11 in the upper continental shelf off Mangalore, off eastern Arabian Sea (EAS) to decipher paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic changes during the past ~23,000 years. The monsoon was weak during the Last Glacial Maximum ~23,000–18,000 calibrated years before Present (cal yr BP) when sea level was lower. Globigerinoides ruber populations fluctuate from 30 to 60% in the studied interval with a maximum during ~6000–5000 cal yr BP and a minimum during 19,000–17,000 cal yr BP. The δO values of benthic foraminifer Ammonia gaimardii suggest pronounced cooling phases during ~23,000–18,000 cal yr BP, and a short-term cooling at ~6000 cal yr BP. Several intervals of high organic productivity and low oxygen conditions were identified based on benthic foraminiferal biofacies during 23,247–682 cal yr BP. Wind-induced surface mixing was intense during 3200–530 cal yr BP as evidenced by high Globigerina bulloides abundances. The core was affected by moderate chemical weathering and solar variability appears to have been an important forcing factor in shaping climate of the region