Implementation of halal food management system in small and medium enterprises food manufacturers

Non-compliant cases toward a Halal standard (MS1500:2009) can have negative effects on Muslim consumer confidence, as well as affecting the profitability and reputation of the companies involved. In practice, non-compliance is directly associated with ineffective implementation of the management system. This signifying the need to identify and examine the critical factors for effective implementation of Halal food management system. Additionally, although there have been calls and efforts to develop an instrument to assess the effectiveness of food management system (i.e. food safety and quality) implementation, to date, limited instrument is available for Halal context. Empirical research on the Halal food management system itself is rather lacking. To fill the practical and theoretical knowledge, the main purpose of this study is to develop an instrument that assesses the effectiveness of Halal food management system implementation for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) food companies. A mixed-methods sequential approach was employed. In the qualitative phase, 15 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Halal executives (n=7), consultants (n=4) and auditors (n=4) from JAKIM to identify critical factors for effective implementation of Halal food management system in SMEs. Two of the Halal executives are from large companies, their perspectives were obtained for benchmarking purpose. Ten themes were found; top management commitment; consumer focus; employee attributes and management; teamwork; information capacity; training and education; policy and procedures; adequate support; Halal personnel empowerment and supplier management. In the second phase, these qualitative findings were used in instrument development. In the third phase, a survey was conducted with SMEs food representative (n=181) to test and validate the developed instrument; 163 responses were used in the final analysis. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) extracted nine factors: management and environmental support; consumer focus; employee attributes and management; teamwork; information capacity; training, policy and procedure; Halal personnel empowerment; supplier management and supplier assessment. Each factor has acceptable internal reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.927-0.962). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) results provided evidence for convergent (Overall factor loading>0.7, AVE>0.5, CR>0.7) and discriminant validity (HTMT ratio