Sub-daily exposure to fine particulate matter and ambulance dispatches during wildfire seasons: a case-crossover study in British Columbia, Canada

Background: Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2:5) during wildfire seasons has been associated with adverse health outcomes. Previous studies have focused on daily exposure, but PM2:5 levels in smoke events can vary considerably within 1 d. Objectives: We aimed to assess the immediate and lagged relationship between sub-daily exposure to PM2:5 and acute health outcomes during wildfire seasons in British Columbia. Methods: We used a time-stratified case-crossover study design to evaluate the association between modeled hourly PM2:5 and ambulance dispatches during wildfire seasons from 2010 to 2015. Distributed lag nonlinear models were used to estimate the lag-specific and cumulative odds ratios (ORs) at lags from 1 to 48 h. We examined the relationship for all dispatches and dispatches related to respiratory, circulatory, and diabetic conditions, identified by codes for ambulance dispatch (AD), paramedic assessment (PA) or hospital diagnosis (HD). Results: Increased respiratory health outcomes were observed within 1 h of exposure to a 10-lg=m3 increase in PM2:5. The 48-h cumulative OR [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 1.038 (1.009, 1.067) for the AD code Breathing Problems and 1.098 (1.013, 1.189) for PA code Asthma/COPD. The point estimates were elevated within 1 h for the PA code for Myocardial Infarction and HD codes for Ischemic Heart Disease, which had 24-h cumulative ORs of 1.104 (0.915, 1.331) and 1.069 (0.983, 1.162), respectively. The odds of Diabetic AD and PA codes increased over time to a cumulative 24-h OR of 1.075 (1.001, 1.153) and 1.104 (1.015, 1.202) respectively. Conclusions: We found increased PM2:5 during wildfire seasons was associated with some respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes within 1 h following exposure, and its association with diabetic outcomes increased over time. Cumulative effects were consistent with those reported elsewhere in the literature. These results warrant further investigation and may have implications for the appropriate time scale of public health actions