Cadmium Intake, Dietary Patterns and Hyperuricemia Among Adults in China

Blood and urine cadmium levels have been found to be positively associated with hyperuricemia (HU) in some studies. Few studies have examined the association between dietary cadmium intake, dietary patterns and HU in the Chinese population. The study analysed data from 8429 adults who participated in the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Dietary intake was assessed by 3-day 24 h food record in seven waves of survey (1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 and 2009). Serum uric acid was measured in 2009. Dietary pattern was identified using factor analysis. The association between cumulative dietary cadmium intake, dietary patterns and HU was assessed using logistic regression. In total, 1737 (16.3%) participants had HU in the study sample. After adjusting for demographic, lifestyle factors (i.e. smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity) and chronic conditions, the OR for HU was 2.25 (95%CI 1.84–2.77, p for trend < 0.001) for extreme quartiles of estimated cumulative cadmium intake. A traditional southern dietary pattern characterized by high intake of rice, pork, fish and vegetables, and low intake of wheat was associated with three times increased prevalence of HU; comparing the extreme quartiles, the odds ratio (OR) was 3.24 (95%CI 2.61–4.01). No association between the modern dietary pattern (high intake of fruit, soymilk, egg, milk and deep fried products) and HU was found. In conclusion, traditional southern dietary pattern and cadmium intake are positively associated with hyperuricemia among Chinese adults.This research uses data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). I thank the National Institute for Nutrition and Health, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Carolina Population Center (P2C HD050924, T32 HD007168), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the NIH (R01-HD30880, DK056350, R24 HD050924, and R01-HD38700) and the NIH Fogarty International Center (D43 TW009077, D43 TW007709) for financial support for the CHNS data collection and analysis files from 1989 to 2015 and future surveys, and the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Ministry of Health for support for CHNS 2009, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai since 2009, and Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control since 2011