Processing and Characterisation of S-Glass Fibres and Halloysite Nanotubes for Flowable Dental Composites

Over the past few decades, various types of filler materials have been employed to develop the advanced resin-based dental composites, enhancing the lifetime of the restorations. However, further effort in the research on the multi-functional composite that is comparable to dental tissue in mechanical strength, as well as offering the improved antibacterial function and the better aesthetics, is continuously required. In this thesis, micro-sized short S-glass fibres and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are employed to serve as excellent load-carrying filler members and antibacterial agent in the dental composites. The mechanical reinforcement mechanism and the interfacial behaviours between filler and resin matrix have been precisely investigated through the multiscale analysis from atomistic to macro by utilising the combined experimental, theoretical, and computational methods. The surface modification process on the short S-glass fibres, named selective atomic-level metal etching, has been developed, which enables to strengthen the interfacial bond between resin matrix and glass fibre by increasing the surface roughness and reactive sites on the fibre. The influence of the surface treatment on the interfacial strength and mechanical properties of the resulted composites were examined through the single-fibre pull-out tests. Also, the modified Lewis-Nielsen model has been developed, where the effective fibre length factor is applied to accurately predict the modulus of the short fibre reinforced composites. For better understanding of the atomistic interfacial bonding and fracture behaviours between glass fibre and resin matrix, molecular dynamics simulations were conducted. The numerical results of the single fibre pull-out and the uniaxial composite tension simulations were validated with the experimental findings. The optimised computational design and analysis methods were established for developing new dental and bio-composites with the accurate prediction on the mechanical performances. The surface modification process on the HNTs was developed to promote the mechanical reinforcement effect and to add an antimicrobial functionality in the composites. The composite reinforced with 2.0 wt.% of chitosan grafted HNTs showed an increased efficacy in flexural strength and modulus up to 8.1% and 14.1%, respectively, and exhibited an improved antibacterial functionality against S. mutans with 39% reduction, making it a desirable dental material