A typology of traitors in late nineteenth-century Austria-Hungary

A version of this booklet was delivered as the lst Austrian Studies Lecture at the University of Leiden in November 2019. It is an analysis of how traitors were defined and categorized in the Habsburg Empire from c.1866 to 1900, using material in the German, Czech, Croatian and Hungarian languages. Case studies are supplied of assassins, anarchists and irredentists since these roughly mapped on to the criminal codes used in Austria and Hungary. The discussion explores why and when treason law was invoked and the damage done to the authorities when they pursued traitors who in fact had broad support in the state community