Twenty-Four Centrifuge Tests to Quantify Sensitivity of Lateral Spreading to Dr and PGA

Twenty-four centrifuge model tests have been conducted at nine different geotechnical centrifuge facilities around the world as part of the international LEAP effort (liquefaction experiments and analysis projects). All of the centrifuge models represent a 4 m deep 5 degree sloping submerged sand deposit. The mean effective PGA of the input motion for all of the experiments was approximately 0.15 g and the mean relative density was approximately 65%, but the effective PGA's varied between about 0.07 g and 0.3 g, and the relative densities varied between about 40% and 75%. The test matrix was designed to enable experimental quantification of not only the median response but also the trend and sensitivity of the model response to density and shaking intensity. Quantification of the sensitivity of the response to initial conditions is a prerequisite for objective evaluation of the quality of the model test data. In other words, a discrepancy between two experiments should be evaluated after accounting for the uncertainty in the initial conditions and the sensitivity of the response to initial conditions. For the first time, a sufficient number of experiments has been performed on a similar problem to provide meaningful quantitative evaluation of the trend between PGA, density, and displacement. The sensitivity is quantified by the gradient of the trend and the uncertainty of the trend is quantified from the residuals between the fitting data and the trend