The late positive potential (LPP): A neural marker of internalizing problems in early childhood

Available online 16 June 2020.Background: One potentially relevant neurophysiological marker of internalizing problems (anxiety/depressive symptoms) is the late positive potential (LPP), as it is related to processing of emotional stimuli. For the first time, to our knowledge, we investigated the value of the LPP as a neurophysiological marker for internalizing problems and specific anxiety and depressive symptoms, at preschool age. Method: At age 4 years, children (N=84) passively viewed a series of neutral, pleasant, and unpleasant pictures selected from the International Affective Pictures System. Affective picture processing was measured via the LPP (EEG recorded) and mothers reported on child behavior via the Child Behavior Checklist 1 ½ - 5 (internalizing, DSM-anxiety, DSM-affective/depression subscales). Difference scores between the neutral and affective pictures (i.e., neutral-pleasant and neutral-unpleasant) were computed for posterior, central and anterior brain locations for early (300-700 ms), middle (700-1200 ms) and late (1200-2000 ms) time windows. Results: Greater LPP difference scores for pleasant images in the anterior recording site, in the middle time window, were associated with greater internalizing behaviors. Greater DSM-anxiety symptoms were associated with greater LPP difference scores for unpleasant and pleasant images. After correcting for multiple testing, only the association between greater DSM-affective/depression symptoms and greater LPP difference scores for unpleasant images in the anterior recording site (early time window) remained significant. Discussion: Our study has identified a potential neural marker of preschool internalizing problems. Children with larger LPPs to unpleasant images may be at greater risk of internalizing problems, potentially due to an increased emotional reactivity.The PELS study is supported by the national funding agencies of the European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS - PELS - 99930AB6-0CAC- 423B-9527-7487B33085F3) participating in the Eurocores Program EuroSTRESS programme, i.e., the Brain and Cognition Programme of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) for the Netherlands. BVdB is project leader of the PELS study. BVdB was financially supported by European Commission Seventh Framework Programme (FP7—HEALTH. 2011.2.2.2-2 BRAINAGE, grant agreement no: 279281). MvdH is supported by a Veni grant from the Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO; VI.Veni.191G.025)