Current topics of possible pharmacotherapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes

The authors and colleagues have been involved in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), especially including diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hemodialysis. Some topics are described as possible therapy for CKD. (i) Metformin has inhibitory effect on cardiovascular events, and has an evidence for safe administration in mild to moderate renal impairment. (ii) Canagliflozin reduced moderately cardiovascular and renal outcomes across the primary and secondary prevention groups, from mega studies of CANVAS and CREDENCE. (iii) erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) has been effective for improving anemia in HD for years. Some hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) seems to be applied for clinical practice soon