National audienceThe concept of ecosystem services – benefits supplied to human societies by ecosystems- is a fast spreading concept, both in scientific and political arenas. Because of this success, this concept is more and more used as a robust and stabilised concept, with a lack of recognition of the high uncertainties associated with it. This paper first highlights the scientific uncertainties concerning the socio-ecological dynamics of production of services. In many cases, scientific have no certainties about the cause-effect relationships between the state of an ecosystem and the effective production of a service, either because of a lack of knowledge on these relationships, either because the complex systems under study are by their...