Limiting replication stress during somatic cell reprogramming reduces genomic instability in induced pluripotent stem cells

The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from adult somatic cells is one of the most remarkable discoveries in recent decades. However, several works have reported evidence of genomic instability in iPSC, raising concerns on their biomedical use. The reasons behind the genomic instability observed in iPSC remain mostly unknown. Here we show that, similar to the phenomenon of oncogene-induced replication stress, the expression of reprogramming factors induces replication stress. Increasing the levels of the checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) reduces reprogramming-induced replication stress and increases the efficiency of iPSC generation. Similarly, nucleoside supplementation during reprogramming reduces the load of DNA damage and genomic rearrangements on iPSC. Our data reveal that lowering replication stress during reprogramming, genetically or chemically, provides a simple strategy to reduce genomic instability on mouse and human iPSC.We thank Joaquin Sebastian for his comments on the MS, Orlando Dominguez for his help with arrayCGH analyses and Sagrario Ortega for help with chimeric mice. S.R. was funded by a Ramon y Cajal contract (RYC-2011-09242) and a grant (SAF2013-49147-P) from the MINECO. Work in NB laboratory was supported by a grant from the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research. T.M.-B. is supported by grants from the European Research Council (ERC StG 260372) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (BFU2011-28549). Work in O.F.-C. laboratory was supported by Fundacion Botin, by Banco Santander through its Santander Universities Global Division and by grants from MINECO (SAF2011-23753), Worldwide Cancer Research (12-0229), Fundacio La Marato de TV3, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the European Research Council (ERC-617840).S