GREEN PORTS

Diplomsko delo se osredotoča na aspekte značilnosti, vzpostavitve, omejitve ter prihodnje rešitev zelenih pristanišč, ki predstavljajo ključni element prometnega sektorja z najmanjšim možnim negativnim vplivom na okolje in zdravje ljudi ter težijo k trajnostnemu razvoju, ki vsebuje ekonomsko perspektivo (donosnost naložb, učinkovitost uporabe pristaniškega območja in zagotavljanje zmogljivosti podjetij za povečanje njihove učinkovitosti), socialni vidik (neposredni prispevek k zaposlovanju v pristaniških družbah in dejavnosti, ki se povezujejo s pristaniščem) ter okoljsko uspešnost in upravljanje (vključno s hrupom, onesnaženjem, kakovostjo zraka, postopki čiščenja in odstranjevanjem odpadkov). Raziskani in predstavljeni so dejavniki, ki kažejo na pomembnost problematike na tem področju ter koraki pri uveljavljanju zelenih pristanišč, ki vključujejo ukrepe za preprečevanje in zmanjševanje onesnaženja zraka, kontaminacije tal, izboljšanje kakovosti vode, omejevanje vpliva pristaniških dejavnosti na vodni in kopenski ekosistem, učinkovite porabe energije v pristanišču, zmanjšanje hrupa in vibracij, spremljanje in analizo vremenskih sprememb ter raziskave in razvoj. V nadaljevanju se tematika zelenih pristanišč razširi in osredotoči na vplive pristanišč na okolje, ki so razdeljeni v tri podkategorije: težave, ki jih na morju povzročajo ladje, ki pristajajo v pristaniščetežave zaradi pristaniških dejavnosti samih ter emisije iz intermodalnih prometnih omrežij, ki služijo zaledju pristanišča. Zakonodaja na tem področju je sicer spodbudna, a za učinkovitejše zmanjševanje emisij toplogrednih plinov ter uveljavljanje načel zelenih pristanišč ugotavljam, da bo na tem področju treba sprejeti strožje in konkretnejše regulative. Pri zmanjševanju vplivov na okolje diplomsko delo izpostavi tri ključne ukrepe in sicer: »cold ironing« (postopek za zagotavljanje električne energije ladji na privezu, medtem ko so njeni glavni in pomožni motorji izključeni), LNG namesto mazuta (utekočinjeni zemeljski plin kot gorivo je preizkušena in komercialna rešitev, ki ponuja ogromne prednosti) ter rabo drugih alternativnih goriv in tehnologij. Koncept trajnosti je jedro razvoja pristanišč v prihodnosti in temelji na načelu, da se bodo pristanišča razvijala za sedanje in prihodnje generacije, pri čemer bo moralo biti načrtovanje dinamično ter pod nadzorom, da se razvoj ohrani v koraku s trendi v industriji, zakonodaji ter novimi tehnologijami. Smernice za pristanišča v prihodnosti naj težijo k razvoju pristanišč, ki ne le da ustrezajo zahtevam okolja, ampak tudi povečujejo gospodarske interese pristanišča.The diploma thesis focuses on aspects of the features, establishment, constraints and future solutions of green ports, which represent a key element of the transport sector with the least possible negative impact on the environment and human health and strive for sustainable development, which includes an economic perspective (return on investment, efficiency of port use areas and the provision of enterprise capacity to increase their efficiency), the social dimension (direct contribution to employment in port companies and port related activities) and environmental performance and management (including noise, pollution, air quality, cleaning and waste disposal processes) ). Factors demonstrating the importance of the issue in this field and steps in the implementation of green ports are explored and presented, including measures to prevent and reduce air pollution, soil contamination, improve water quality, limit the impact of port activities on the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem, efficient use of port energy, noise and vibration reduction, weather monitoring and analysis, and research and development. In the following, the theme of green ports is broadened and focuses on the environmental impacts of ports, which are divided into three subcategories: problems caused by ships arriving to the portproblems due to port activities themselves and emissions from intermodal transport networks serving the hinterland. Legislation in this area is encouraging, but in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions more effectively and to enforce the principles of green ports, I note that stricter and more specific regulations will need to be adopted in this area. In reducing the environmental impact, the thesis highlights three key measures: "cold ironing" (the process of providing electricity to a ship at berth while its main and auxiliary engines are off), LNG instead of fuel oil (liquefied natural gas as fuel is proven and commercially available solution that offers enormous benefits) and the use of other alternative fuels and technologies. The concept of sustainability is at the heart of port development in the future and is based on the principle that ports will be developed for present and future generations, while planning must be dynamic and under control to keep development in line with industry trends, legislation and new technologies. In future, the guidelines for ports should strive to develop ports that not only meet environmental requirements but also enhance the economic interests of the port