Preparation and characterization of TiO<inf>2</inf> generated from synthetic wastewater using TiCl<inf>4</inf> based coagulation/flocculation aided with Ca(OH)<inf>2</inf>

© 2019 Elsevier Ltd This study focused on the preparation of undoped and Ca-doped titania from flocculation generated sludge. Initially, TiCl4 was utilised to perform coagulation and flocculation in synthetic wastewater and an optimised dose of coagulant was determined by evaluating the turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and zeta potential of the treated water. Later, using Ca(OH)2 as a coagulant aid, the effects on effluent pH, turbidity and DOC removal were investigated. Both Ca-doped and undoped anatase TiO2 were prepared from the flocculated sludge for morphological and photocatalytic evaluation. During the standalone use of TiCl4, maximum turbidity and DOC removal were found at 11.63 and 14.54 mg Ti/L, respectively. At the corresponding coagulant dose, rapid deprotonation of water caused the pH of the effluent to reach below 3.77 mg Ti/L. Whereas, when using Ca(OH)2 as a coagulant aid, a neutral pH (7.26) was attained at a simultaneous dosing of 32.40 mg Ca/L and 14.54 mg Ti/L. When aided with Ca(OH)2, the turbidity removal was further increased by 54.28% and the DOC removal was somewhat similar to the standalone use of TiCl4. TiO2 was prepared by incinerating the collected sludge at 600 °C for 2 h. Both XRD and SEM analysis were conducted to observe the morphology of the prepared titania. The XRD pattern of the TiO2 showed only an anatase phase along with the presence of a high atomic proportion of Ca (4.14%). Consequently, a high amount of Ca atoms inhibited the level of TiO2 phase and no obvious presence of CaO was observed. The prepared Ca-doped TiO2 at the optimised dose of Ca(OH)2 was found to be inferior to the undoped TiO2 during the photodegradation of acetaldehyde. However, a reduced dose of Ca(OH)2 (