Effects of Visitor Characteristics on Perceptions of Crowding, Conflict and Normative Standards

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate visitors’ perceptions of encounters, crowding, conflict and satisfaction during recreation experiences on the White Salmon River in Southern Washington. The study also intended to measure visitors’ normative standards for acceptable levels of encounters and waiting times on the river. Previous studies of this site suggest that visitor perceptions of crowding on the river have increased consistently over the past 30 years, prompting managers’ concerns regarding the experience of river visitors. In order to better understand the visitor experience, characteristics of whitewater rafters and kayakers were examined in relation to their normative standards and perceptions of crowding and conflict on the river. Analysis of the data indicates significant differences in perceptions of crowding and conflict when compared with visitors’ characteristics, including motivations, past experiences, preferences and group type