Ziya Gokalp And A New Life

Kaynağı Avrupa olan, sanatta halka yönelme eğilimi, Osmanlı'da 19. yüzyılda başlamıştır. Ziya Gökalp ise hayatın tümünü içine alan bir bakışla "Yeni Hayat" felsefesini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Öncelikle dilde sadeleşme olarak görülen bu anlayış için Ömer Seyfettin, "Yeni Lisan" makalesini yazmıştır. Bu makalede "Yeni Hayat" felsefesi içinde yer alacak dil anlayışı ortaya konulmuştur. Ziya Gökalp, Selanik'teki arkadaşları, ülke çapında pek çok sanatçı ve aydın bu anlayışla eserler vermeye başlar. Bu felsefe Osmanlı'nın fikir zenginliğine katkı sağlarken yeni Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devleti'ni kuran kadroları da yetiştirmiş olur. Aynı zamanda yeni devletin temel prensipleri de bu anlayıştan doğar. Bu çalışmada edebiyatta halka yönelme anlayışının Osmanlı'daki kısa özeti üzerinde durulacak. Ziya Gökalp'in Selanik'te basın yayın yoluyla başlattığı "Yeni Hayat" felsefesi söz konusu edilecek ve bu anlamda "Yeni Felsefe" ve "Genç Kalemler" dergileri üzerinde durulacaktır. "Yeni Hayat"ın başka bir uygarlığı taklit etmek gibi bir anlayışı yoktur. Bu anlayış bütün birikimleriyle, tarihi ve kültürüyle halka odaklanmayı amaç edinmiştir. Öncelikle dil birliği sağlayacak aydınlar, sanatın gelişmekte olan iç yapısına çalışmak yerine insan ve sanat, halk ve sanat düzleminde eserler verecektir. Bu sayede sanatçı için de yaşanılan hayat önemli bir malzeme haline gelmiş olacaktır. Böylece zamanın bir gerekliliği olarak halka yönelik sanat ortaya çıkacaktır. Bu durum, sanatçının halktan yararlanmasını gerekli kılacak sanatçıyla halkın iletişimi de böylece kurulmuş olacaktırThe tendency to turn to the public in art, whose foundation is based on Europe, started in the 19th century in the Ottoman Empire. However, Ziya Gökalp reveals the philosophy of "New Life" with a view that covers the whole of life. Ömer Seyfettin wrote the "New Language" for this understanding, which is seen as simplification on the ground first. In this article, the understanding of the language that will take place in the philosophy of "New Life" is put forward. Ziya Gökalp, friends in Salonika and many artists and intellectuals around the country start to give works with this understanding. While this philosophy contributes to the richness of the Ottoman opinion, it also educates the people who founded the new Turkish Republic. At the same time, the basic principles of the new state arise from this understanding. In this study, a brief summary of the Ottoman concept of turn to the public in literature will be discussed. The "New Life" philosophy that Gökalp initiated through the media in Salonika will be discussed and the "New Philosophy (Yeni Felsefe)" and "Young Pens (Genç Kalemler)" magazines will be emphasized. “Yeni Hayat” does not have the principle of copying another civilization. That philosophy aims at focusing on the public with its all background, history and culture. The intellectuals will firstly provide a common language and then they will write with the perspective of human and art, public and art, instead of practicing on internal structure of art. Therefore, life will be a great material for the artists. Thus, art leaning to the public will appear as a result of the necessities of time. That will make benefiting from the public essential for the artists and so the connection between the public and the artists will be set. STRUCTURED ABSTRACT In Tanzimat Reform Era, leaded by Şinasi, the tendency towards the people in poetry and prose, or thinking people as a target can be usually called “public orientation”. Though that name had been stated differently in different eras, it developed into “Towards the Public” concept when it comes to Ziya Gökalp. Ziya Gökalp has an important role within the Party of Union and Progress (İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti) which made the Constitutional Monarchy II, composing a significant part of Towards the Public concept, a current issue. Previously stating his innovative opinions, Ziya Gökalp came to Salonika, the centre of the party and contributed to scientific movement of the members. Ziya Gökalp in philosophy and art; Ali Canip, Mehmet Zekeriya, Nabizade Ahmet Hamdi in pres; Ömer Seyfettin in peotry developing in story have important places. In this respect, Ziya Gökalp desires to write poetry in the atmosphere of “New Language”. The poetry aims at stopping the members of Fecr-i Âti who write in Servet-i Fünûn magazine in İstanbul and leading them towards this philosophy. Ziya Gökalp puts forward the fact that Turkish literature must front the public and the West at the same time. However, he warns about the tendency towards Europe and emphasises that the main target must be the public. The intellectuals who observe Europe in order to learn their own values will study on their own public after they learn the certain discipline. “What do the intellectuals have? What is there in public?” The intellectuals have civilization. The public have culture. Therefore, the two aims for going towards the public must be: 1. To get some cultural lessons from the public; 2. To bring civilization to the public. Ziya Gökalp supported several innovations in Salonika, the centre of that public concept. He got the attention from the public with his essays in “Genç Kalemler” and “Yeni Felsefe Mecmuası” magazines. “Yeni Felsefe Mecmuası”, published firstly on 15th August 1911, took the control of “New Life” percept born in Salonika. The frame of this percept was drawn in the article titled “Our Occupation and New Life”, written on behalf of “Honourable Readers” by the Editors Commute of the magazine. According to this, “New Life means new economics, new family, new philosophy, new moral, new law, new politics, new developments”. Briefly, changing the old life totally and founding a new concept of life are aimed. Developing the country especially in politics, Party of Union and Progress has the aim of making big changes in cultural areas in order to make a radical change. In this respect, they invited Ziya Gökalp, who accepted Western culture and grew up within local culture, to Salonika and put him in the head of that new ideal concept. The aim of that formation called “New Life” by Ziya Gökalp and his friends and covering almost all areas of life is to get closer to the public initially. According to this idea, new developments will arise by means of the inspiration of the public and so the country will advance in the path of Western culture and civilization. Therefore, initially a new language prospect is adopted and is called “New Language”. They themselves first wrote their works in this language and wrote letters to the intellectuals in İstanbul to invite them fort his new concept. That situation helped an important ideal richness in late Ottoman. New Life aimed at gathering the intellectuals with a common language and spreading their values to the public easily. As a second step, the fact that public values at a certain level would reach to the intellectuals and so to the state would help reaching modern civilization easily. Here the main aim was to obtain the value in public via intellectual who had a great background and to use it for the public and the state as well. Thereby, harmony between the public and the state would be achieved. In the beginning, serving for the “Ottomanism” or “Turkism”, that concept transformed into “Populism” and “Nationalism” in new State of the Republic of Turkey. Besides, it can be said that giving up the option of Asian development model in 1920s and 1930s is the result of Ziya Gökalp’s philosophy. That is because Ziya Gökalp wanted to pave the way for a development that is composed of state-intellectualpublic and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk tried to apply it. Here, what is important is to find the value in itself, not to follow another culture